1. Assassination:
Actor and Southern sympathizer, John Wilkes Booth conspired to punish the Union for the war. Booth shot Lincoln as he watched Our American Cousin at Ford’s Theater on April 14, 1865 (Good Friday); Lincoln died the next morning. Booth’s was eventually trapped by Union soldiers and killed. The other conspirators were hanged. The murder made northerners want to punish the rebels even more harshly after the war.

2. “With malice toward none and charity for all”: Line from Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address that described how he intended to reunite the country and rebuild the South. Lincoln’s apparently lenient approach to reconstruction caused concern among many Northerners who wanted to punish the South for the war.

3. Andrew Johnson, : North Carolinian / East Tennessean, Lincoln’s second vice-president and POTUS after Lincoln’s death.
He followed Lincoln’s lenient policy of Reconstruction, including granting amnesty for southern planters. He ran afoul of Republican “Radicals” in Congress, especially after he vetoed the Civil Rights bill. Congress overrode the veto, passing the Civil Rights Act of 1866.
Conflict between Johnson and Congress grew until 1867 when Johnson deliberately broke the Tenure of Office Act. The House of Representatives impeached Johnson. Needing a 2/3s vote to remove Johnson in the subsequent trial in the Senate, Johnson was acquitted by one vote (35-19)

4. “Radical Reconstruction”:
Led by Congressional Republicans, it wanted to punish the South, calling for military occupation, for elimination of political rights of former Confederates, and for full legal and political rights for freed slaves

5. Freedmen’s Bureau: Federal agency that provided aid (food, clothing, shelter) and education (literacy and political) to ex-slaves to help them adjust to freedom. Some generals promised ex-slaves “forty acres and a mule,” but Congress rejected the idea; instead land plots of 40 acres were rented to freedmen.

6. Sharecropping: System of land use in the South created after the war because the destroyed economy: a farmer rented land from the landowner and paid with a share of his crop at harvest-time; changes in crop prices often left farmers in permanent debt to the landlord. Freed slaves used it because they had little or no money.

7. Ku Klux Klan: Founded in 1866 by former-Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest, it became the “terrorist-wing of the Democratic Party” to restore white control to the South by intimidating blacks and white Republicans.
The federal government outlawed it in 1871 and President U.S. Grant used his power to try to break it up in the Carolinas.
By the late 1870s, the “first incarnation of the Klan” died out: not because of Grant’s actions, but because its objective of white supremacy in the South had been achieved.
Black Codes: State laws enacted to control African Americans, for example: restrictions on travel, especially at night; prohibiting blacks from carrying weapons; serving on juries; and racial intermarriage

8. Jim Crow: Separation of blacks from whites on public conveyances, in public facilities, and in housing. Long the custom in parts of the country, the South established segregation in law: i.e. “Jim Crow laws”.

9. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): Case involving segregation laws
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): Case involving segregation laws. It came out of a case in Louisiana. Homer Plessy, a light-skinned black man, was removed from a segregated train car because he was black despite having the proper ticket. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that as long as blacks were provided equal accommodations, a state could segregate the races, establishing the “separate but equal” doctrine.