1. St Andrews High School
Shaping Wood

2. Power Point Rules.
When text on the power point slide is in red you need to copy it down into your jotter.

3. Learning Intensions
You will learn about:
Shaping and Cutting Hand Tools
Shaping and Cutting Power Tools

4. Smoothing Plane
A smoothing plane or smooth plane is a type of bench plane used in woodworking. The smoothing plane is typically the last plane used on a wood surface.

5. Jack Plane
A jack plane is the general-purpose bench plane, used for general smoothing of the edges, sizing of timber but only making it smaller to correct size 

6. Block Plane
A block plane is a small hand plane which typically has the blade bedded at a lower angle than other planes, with the bevel up. It is designed to cut end grain and is typically small enough to be used with one hand.

7. Plough Plane
A plough plane is a plane to make grooves, or channels in wood. They are traditionally used for drawer bottoms or rear walls.

8. Router Plane
A router plane is a plane used for smoothing out sunken panels, or creating channels in wood.
It planes the bottoms of recesses to a uniform depth and can work into corners that could be reached only by the use of a chisel.
Nowadays, it is often replaced by the electrical router but continues to be preferred in special cases.

9. Rebate Plane
The rebate plane is a hand plane designed for cutting rebates in wood. This cuts even depth rebates.

10. Spokeshave
A spokeshave is a tool used to shape and smooth wood. It is often for used to make curves, wheel spokes, and furniture such as chair legs

11. Bevelled Edge Chisel
A bevelled edge chisel is a general purpose chisel used for cutting away, removing, carving and shaping wood. It is good for getting into acute, tight angles due to it’s thin, sharp angled blade. This chisel can also be used with a beech mallet.

12. Mortice Chisel
Mortise chisels are used for ‘chopping out’ joints (chiselling away the waste wood). They are useful for cutting mortise joints as they are strong enough to withstand heavy blows with a mallet. The handle has a strengthening piece called a ferrule which prevents the handle from splitting at the bottom when it is hit repeatedly by a mallet.

14. Tool Care
All chisels can be sharpened using either an electric grinding wheel, or a waterstone which is used manually

15. Rasp
A rasp is a tool for shaping wood. It looks like a file, but has large, coarse teeth along its surface which cut the wood like a grater.

16. Rasps have large perforated teeth which resemble a cheese grater
Surform
A surform, or surface forming tool, has a perforated sheet (the sheet has holes in it). These holes have a sharpened edge that cut the wood, again like a cheese grater.

17. Tenon Saw
A tenon saw is a small bench saw used on small, accurate pieces of work. It has a strong back brace along the blade to prevent the blade bending while sawing.

18. Coping Saw
A coping saw is a hand saw that is used to cut out intricate, detailed shapes.
A coping saw blades teeth point backwards, therefore it cuts when the saw is pulled back, unlike other saws.
It is very good at cutting curves.

19. Panel Saw
A panel saw is used on larger pieces of wood and sheet material. It has larger teeth than a tenon saw. A panel saw blade bends and can be hard to control.

20. Shaping Wood with Machines

21. Woodwork Turning Lathe
Bed
Tailstock
Toolrest
Tailstock Barrel
Saddle
Motor
Headstock
Spindle

23. Gouges are used to roughly cut the shape of the wood.
Chisels such as the parting tool are used to separate parts of the turning piece. The skew chisel is used to shape and finish the surface of the wood.
Scrapers are used to shape and finish the wood

24. Wood Lathe Tools
Outside Calliper
Outside Callipers are used to measure an outside diameter on material while turning on a wood turning lathe.

25. Wood Lathe Safety Wood lathe Safety. Always:
Keep loose clothing away from the machine
Keep hair tied back
Keep ties tucked away
Always wear goggles
Never put hands on the material while turning
Never work on the back of the material, always keep hands and tools to the front of the machine

26. Wood Turning
There are 5 stages of woodturning which must be followed.
These are:
Cross both end grains of turning blank with a steel rule
Mark diameter needed on both end grains
Saw a kerf in both end grains along the crossed lines
Drill a hole in both end grain centres to fit the lathe centres
Plane down each edge along the length of the wood blank in a vice to just about the diameter needed

27. Pedestal Drill.
A pedestal drill is also commonly known as a pillar drill. It is good for drilling many different materials such as wood, metal and plastics. When drilling any material should be securely held in a machine vice, or clamped to the adjustable drill bed. The drill is securely tightened using a chuck which sometimes requires a chuck key. This is known as a Jacobs chuck.

28. Mortice Machine
A mortice machine is used to accurately cut the mortice part of a mortice and tenon joint.

29. Belt Sander
A belt sander is used to shape wood. The sandpaper is fitted onto the machine in a belt shape so it can cut with the grain. It is normally used to cut and shape wood.

30. Disc Sander
A disc sander is used to cut and shape end grain of wood. It is not usually used to cut along the grain of wood as it would mark the surface in a circular motion.

31. Portable Sander
A portable sander can also be called an orbital sander, a palm sander, hand held, or a sheet sander. It is used to sand intricate work, or large projects that cannot be sanded on a belt, or disc sander.

32. Sand paper comes in different grades.
Hand Sanding
Sand paper comes in different grades.
The lower the number of sandpaper grit, 60 grit for example, the rougher the finish.
The higher the number of grit, i.e. 120, or 240 grit, the smoother the finish.
Generally, removal of marks and shaping is carried out with lower grade,
rougher sand paper. Then smoother, finer grit paper
Is used to create a smoother finish.