1. CSN11121 System Administration and Forensics Web Browser Forensic r.ludwiniak@napier.ac.uk

2. Overview Forensics on Internet Explorer and Firefox – Structure – Information storage – Access to the Information storage – Tools used to analyze IEs history, cached files, cookies and stored credentials

3. Forensics on Windows Web Browsers – The Market The major browsers (most to least-used): – Internet Explorer – 61.58% – Mozilla Firefox – 24.23% – Everything else! – 14.19% Hitslink.com – February 2010

4. Internet Explorer - storage Stores files used in displaying web pages (cache), tracking pages visited (history) and automatic identification / authentication (cookies, credentials) Viewed pages will retrieve its page code and embedded files (such as graphics) from the hard drive rather than the server, so the page loads faster (cache) Able to see a record of recently visited pages (history) No sign in again at sites that require it, or to specify preferences again (cookies and credentials). Also cookies are used by the visited site and other sites to track web browsing, which is a privacy discussion on its own.

5. Internet Explorer – History Menu The easiest way to access the browsing history in Internet Explorer: History menu! Click on the icon (clock with a green arrow running down the left side in IE6, orange star on the left in IE7 & 8) or hit - Brings up a sidebar with the history nicely arranged, including Windows documents viewed Use the View menu to arrange the pages visited by date, by site, by most visited, and by order visited today

6. Internet Explorer – File Locations Windows 2000, XP, and 2003 – Stores the evidence of pages visited in index.dat in 4 locations, pertaining to the cache, history and cookies – These files may be difficult to find, as Windows persists in hiding them from Windows Explorer, Search, and even command-line browsing Windows Vista, 7 and 2008 changed the locations!

7. Internet Explorer – Browsing History With Cache Files For the subject's browsing history ( index.dat and the cache files themselves – in subdirectories), use Windows Explorer to look in C:\Documents and Settings\ \Local Settings\Temporary Internet Files\Content.IE5\ C:\Users\ \AppData\Local\Microsoft\ Windows\Temporary Internet Files\Content.IE5

8. Internet Explorer – Browsing History Without Cache Files For the subject's browsing history ( index.dat without the cache files), use a browser (NOT Windows Explorer) or command prompt to look in C:\Documents and Settings\ \Local Settings\History\History.IE5\ Daily history: MSHist01(start)YYYYMMDD(end)YYYYMMDD Weekly history: MSHist01(start)YYYYMMDD(end)YYYYMMDD

9. Internet Explorer – Index.dat In Depth - Header Start of header Start of cache folder listing

10. Internet Explorer – Index.dat In Depth - Activity Record Start of record Last modified timestamp Last accessed timestamp Start of URL Cached file name Start of http header Start of user name

11. IE – What If The subject Clears The Cache? In IE6, when you select Delete Files, the cache files are deleted from the hard drive, but the entries in index.dat are marked free and NOT removed! IE7 & 8 is more thorough – Selecting Delete Files removes both the files and the entries in index.dat (although you can restore the files themselves as they are not overwritten)

12. IE8 – What If The subject uses InPrivate Browsing?

13. Internet Explorer – Cookies For cookies saved on the subject's hard drive (individual cookie text files), use Windows Explorer to look in C:\Documents and Settings\ \Cookies\

14. Internet Explorer 6 and Before – Identification / Authentication Stores encrypted userIDs and passwords (AutoComplete) in HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\IntelliForms\ SPW, and web addresses in HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Protected Storage System Provider\

15. Internet Explorer 7 & 8 – Identification / Authentication Stores encrypted userIDs and passwords (AutoComplete) in HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\IntelliForms\Storage2 Encryption has been improved

16. Mandiant Web Historian - Overview A tool that allows you to take a given index.dat file and parse it into a readable / exportable format Available at http://www.mandiant.com/webhistorian.htm The best part: Its FREE!

17. Mandiant Web Historian – Running When you run the program, you are presented with two ways of obtaining an index.dat file Note that only certain approaches work for certain files, and using the wrong approach may lock the Web Historian program!

18. Mandiant Web Historian – History Report

19. Pasco Pasco is another tool for analysis of the index.dat files, but this one also runs on Unix, which is another environment where you may be running other forensics tools Does basically the same operation as Web Historian, outputting to delimited text files that can be imported elsewhere

20. Pasco - History with Cache

21. Galleta - Cookie analysis From the command line (Unix or Windows): galleta (filename) Option: -t (column delimiter – defaults to tab) Use > to redirect output into a file

22. IE PassView - Stored Credentials IE PassView reads the stored Internet Explorer credentials from the Windows Registry and returns the website, userID and password in columnar format Note that this will obtain the user credentials, but not other autocomplete information such as form fields You will have to run it on the subject's computer – not a very good idea, so create a (forensic) working copy and run it from there

23. Firefox – What We Will Cover Where Firefox stores files used in displaying web pages (cache), tracking pages visited (history) and automatic identification / authentication (cookies, credentials) How to access the information using just the browser Tools used to analyze Firefoxs history, cached files, cookies and stored credentials Tools used to override protection of the stored credentials

24. Firefox - Overview Open source web browser Evolved from the Netscape Navigator web browser Support for images, frames, SSL and javascript Full disk cache support

25. Firefox – File Locations Firefox stores its history, downloads, form fields, cookies, and Identification / Authentication files in the same location: C:\Documents and Settings\ \Application Data\Mozilla \Firefox\Profiles\.default\ (Windows XP) or C:\Users\ \AppData\Local\Mozilla \Firefox\Profiles\.default\ (Windows Vista, 7 and 2008)

26. Firefox – File Locations (2) Firefox stores its cache files in a different location: C:\Documents and Settings\ \Local Settings\Application Data\Mozilla \Firefox\Profiles\.default\Cache\ (Windows XP) or C:\Users\ \AppData\Local\Mozilla \Firefox\Profiles\.default\Cache\ (Windows Vista)

27. SQLite Library Software library that implements a transactional SQL Database Engine Used by Firefox to store information in the files we discussed before Unlike with earlier Firefox versions, the text in SQLite format can be read easily within Firefox

28. Firefox Data Files – In Depth places.sqlite : Stores information regarding the places where the user has browsed. – moz_places : records each URL visited and related information – moz_historyvisits : records all visits to URLs recorded in the moz_places table – moz_inputhistory : records information typed into text boxes on web pages – moz_favicons : records information for the pages favorite icon.

29. Firefox Data Files – In Depth (2) formhistory.sqlite: Store values with corresponding fields filled in on a web page. – moz_formhistory: Records information typed on HTML forms cookies.sqlite: Stores cookies obtained from URLs – moz_cookies: Records places, values and expiration of obtained cookies

30. Firefox– Viewing Without Tools View the History menu, or display in a sidebar with - Type about:cache in the address bar to view cache files Tools / Options / Privacy / Cookies / Show Cookies

31. Firefox– Viewing (Almost) Without Tools

32. Mandiant Web Historian – Firefox

33. Firefox Cache – Inside The Files On Firefox, the cache information is stored across 3 types of files: one (1) cache map file, three (3) cache block files, and as many additional cache data files as required to store additional cache data

34. Firefox – What If The subject Clears The Cache? In Firefox, the situation is skewed much more in favor of the subject. Going to Tools and selecting Clear Private Data deletes not only the cache files, but handily removes the cache map and cache block files, so tying the files (assuming you could recover them) to the cache map and blocks becomes quite a bit more difficult

35. Cache View - Overview Fortunately, were going to forgo the math and utilize the Cache View tool, a shareware program that can be fully registered for all of US $25 This program extracts the cache data, organizes it and displays it in columnar format, and allows export to comma- separated files

36. Cache View - Firefox

37. MozillaCookiesView - Firefox

38. FireMaster – Stored Credentials Firefox gives you the option to save your often-used userIDs and passwords that you utilize to access websites Unfortunately for the forensic investigator, the subject may specify a Master password, which prevents access to all the other passwords FireMaster cracks this master password, allowing you to access the password list in the browser or via FirePassword

39. FirePassword – Stored Credentials Used with or without the Master Password (depending on if its been set) to see the websites your subject visited and the userIDs and passwords s/he used to get in Much quicker than FireMaster, as you either dont have a Master Password or have already specified it!

40. Dump AutoComplete – Stored Form Fields Information in formhistory.sqlite can be viewed with any sqlite-compatible program, but must be extracted to be the most useful to the investigator Use the Dump Auto Complete program to bring out the form field name and what was entered Even though these arent credentials, a lot of information about the subject can be gleaned