1. Unit 4: Sensation, Perception and States of Consciousness
WHS AP Psychology
Unit 4: Sensation, Perception and States of Consciousness
Essential Task 5-2:Describe the sensory process of vision including the specific nature of energy transduction (rods and cones and the trichromatic theory of color vision), relevant anatomical structures (cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina, optic nerve, blind spot and fovea) and specialized pathways in the brain (opponent process theory of color vision and the occipital lobe).
Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B= Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184
Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64

2. Perceptual Constancies
Sensation
Vision
The Eye
Theories
Hearing
The Ear
Other Senses
Smell
Taste
Pain
Gestalt Principles
Perceptual Constancies
Perception
Basic Principles
Visual Illusions
Depth Perception
We are here

3. States of Consciousness
Altered States of Consciousness
Waking Consciousness
Daydreaming and Fantasy
Sleep
Circadian Rhythm
Stages/REM
Dreams
Disorders
Drug-Altered Consciousness
Depressants
Hallucinogens
Stimulants
Hypnosis
Hidden Observer
Actor
Meditation
Substance Abuse

4. Essential Task 5-2: Vision - relevant anatomical structures
Outline
Vision - relevant anatomical structures
Path light travels (cornea, pupil, iris, lens, and retina)
optic nerve, blind spot and fovea
Transduction (rods and cones)
Color Vision
The trichromatic theory of color vision
Color Blindness
Opponent process theory of color vision
After-Image Effect

5. Path light travels through the eye.
Outline
Outline

6. Find your blind spot Outline
Take your right hand touch your index finger to your nose and then extend the arm all the way out keeping your finger extended.
Stare at a point on the far wall beyond that finger
Move the finger to the right by about 6 inches (up and down slightly) until you see the tip of the finger disappear into the blind spot

7. Fovea
Outline
Central fovea (Fovea Centralis) is responsible for visual acuity and color sensitivty.
The green and red cones are concentrated in the fovea centralis. The ‘Blue’ cones  are mostly found outside the fovea centralis.

8. Transduction occurs in the Retina
Outline

9. Rods and Cones
Outline

10. Trichromatic Color Theory
Outline
We see color due to the
RED
GREEN
BLUE
Cones in the retina

11. Color Blindness Outline Dichromatic Problems with reds and greens
Dichromatic Problems with Blues and Greens

12. Color Blindness Tests
Outline

13. Mantis Shrimp
Outline
12 different cones!

14. Mantis Shrimp
Outline

15. Mantis Shrimp Debunked!
Outline
“We tested their ability to discriminate between colors that differ a lot – such as red and blue – and then changed to colors that got closer and closer together along the spectrum – red-green, red-yellow, red-orange – and noted when they started to make mistakes,” Ms Thoen said.
“Results were also compared to a number of other animals, including humans, bees, fish and butterflies, and although theoretically they should be better than all of them, they are far worse.”

16. Opponent Process Theory
Outline
Further up in the optic nerve, neurons work in pairs to help process color vision signals.
Red-Green = Xmas
Blue-Yellow = Beach
Black-White = Oreo

17. Opponent Process theory helps us explain the after-image effect
Outline

18. Neuroscience of ghosts!
Outline

19. Alas poor Yorick it was an after-image!
Outline