1. Human Anatomy
Introduction

2. Anatomical position – a common visual reference point
Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward
Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body

3. Regional terms – names of specific body areas
Axial region – the main axis of the body
Appendicular region – the limbs
Directional terminology
Refers to the body in anatomical position
Standardized terms of directions are paired terms

4. Orientation and Directional Terms

5. Orientation and Directional Terms

6. Orientation and Directional Terms

7. Regional Terms

8. Regional Terms

9. Body Planes and Sections

10. Body Planes and Sections
Coronal (frontal) plane - Lies vertically and divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
Sagittal plane – lies vertically and divides the body into left and right sides.
Median (midsagittal) plane - Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline
Transverse plane - runs horizontally and divides body into superior (up) and inferior (down) parts

11. Body Planes and Sections
Oblique section through the trunk
Figure 1.6

12. Body Cavities and Membranes
Dorsal body cavity
Cavity subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity.
Cranial cavity houses the brain.
Vertebral cavity runs through the vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord

13. Body Cavities and Membranes
Ventral body cavity – subdivided into:
Thoracic cavity – divided into three parts
Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity
Mediastinum – contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac

14. Body Cavities and Membranes
Ventral body cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into two parts
Abdominal cavity – contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs
Pelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum

15. Body Cavities and Membranes
Serous cavities – a slit-like space lined by a serous membrane
Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
Parietal serosa – outer wall of the cavity
Visceral serosa covers the visceral organs

16. Body Cavities and Membranes

17. Other Body Cavities Oral cavity Nasal cavity Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavities
Synovial cavities

18. Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine regions

19. Abdominal Quadrants
Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four quadrants
Right upper and left upper quadrants
Right lower and left lower quadrants

20. FOUR TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUES

21. EPITHELIAL TISSUE (COVERING)
Tightly-joined closely-packed cells
One side of epithelium exposed to air or internal fluid, other side attached to a basement membrane, a dense mat of extracellular matrix (connective tissue)
Covers the outside of the body and lines the internal organs and cavities
Barrier against mechanical injury, invasive microorganisms, and fluid loss
Provides surface for absorption, excretion and transport of molecules

22. TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Cell shape
Squamous (flat & thin)
Cuboidal (box or square)
Columnar (rectangular)
Number of cell layers
Simple (one)
Stratified (two or more)
Pseudostratified (one but appears to be two)
RELATE STRUCTURE TO FUNCTION!

23. CONNECTIVE TISSUE (FRAMEWORK)
Main function: binding and support other tissues
Large amount of extra- cellular matrix with fewer cells
Connective tissue cells secrete the extra- cellular matrix
Extracellular matrix consists of network of fibers in liquid, jelly- like or solid matrix

25. MUSCLE TISSUE (MOVEMENT)
Composed of long cells called muscle fibers
Contraction  movement

26. NERVOUS TISSUE (CONTROL)
Senses stimuli and transmits signals called nerve impulses from one part of an animal to another
Consists of a cell body and long extensions called dendrites (towards cell body) and axons (towards another cell or an effector)
Axon
Dendrite
Cell body

27. Surface Feature of Cells
Tissue Type
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nerve
Cell Shape
Flattened, cuboidal, columnar
Irregular or round
Elongated
Cell appendages branched
Cell Arrangement
Single  multilayered
Scattered in matrix
In sheets or bundles
Isolated or networked
Location
Body covering or lining organs or cavities
Supports other organs
Lining internal organs, make skeletal muscles
Concentrated in brain and spinal cord + all over the body
Surface Feature of Cells
Cilia, microvilli -
Matrix Type
Basement membrane
Varied – protein fibers + liquid, gelatinous, firm to calcified
Matrix Amount
Minimal
Extensive
Absent
Unique Feature
No direct blood supply, except for glands
Cartilage has no blood supply
Can generate electrical signals, force and movement
Can generate electrical signal