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Mesoamerican Civilizations
The Americas
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Mesoamerica: Land area south of the US (Central and South America)
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Geography NOT based in a river Tropical Climate Geographic Diversity
No Domestic Animals Seasonal Rains
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The Olmecs “Mother Culture” Economy Collapse Cities No Metal Tools
Large Stone Heads Economy Agriculture Few Raw Materials (needed trade) Collapse 400 BC Cities La Venta
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Olmec Head
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Teotihuacan (250 BC – 800 CE) “Place of the Gods” 1st Major City
150,000 Avenue of the Dead Pyramid of the Sun (200ft) Agriculture Mostly Farmers Trade
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Teotihuacan
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Teotihuacan
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Maya (300 – 900 CE) Yucatan Peninsula City States Writing System
Central Pyramid Conflict Writing System Hieroglypics * Bishop Diego LeDanda
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Calendar Religion Politics August 13 3114 BC December 23 2012 CE
2 Calendars Solar (365 Days) Sacred (260 Days) Religion Polytheistic Supreme God: Itzamna Human Sacrifice Politics Powerful Kings Hereditary Ruling Class
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Chichen Itza
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Tikal
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Toltecs Mexico City Fierce and Warlike Builders 1st Metal Workers
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Aztecs/Mexica 1100s Migration to Central Valley
Capital City – Tenochtitlan Lake Texcoco Warriors Semi-Independent Local Lords Rulers Paid Tribute Politics Authoritarian State Monarchs had secular and religious power Bureaucracy
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Social Structure Women Religion Commoners, Indentured Workers, Slaves
Own/Inherit Property Enter Contracts Priestesses Arranged Marriages Religion Polytheistic Life is struggle between good and evil
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Tenochtitlan
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Aztec Warriors
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Aztec Art
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SOUTH AMERICA
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Moche/Chavin Cult Moche River Society Decline – 8th Century
Irrigated Farming Maize, Potatoes, Cotton, Peanuts Society No Language Pottery Warfare Decline – 8th Century
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Chuquito Andean Highlands/Lake Titicaca Dependant on Potato Cultivation Llama and Alpaca Herding Terraced Farming Chimu Lowlands Irrigation Networks Maize and Sweet Potatoes
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Inca Advanced Cities Politics Capital is Cuzco (Peru) Macchu Picchu
Stonework Politics 4 Quarters Each into Provices (Governors) Emperor descended from Sun God Forced Labor Building projects (Cities, Roads, Bridges, Terraced Farms)
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Society Culture Arranged Marriages Within Tribe
Women could be Priestesses Rigid life Culture Based on War 200,000 Person Army Llamas for transportation Theater (Comedy/Tragedy) Poetry and Music
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Advancements Terraced Farms Road System (Postal System)
Quipu for Record Keeping
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Inca Art
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Inca Masonry
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Rope Bridge
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Quipu
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Downfall of Mesoamerican Civilizations
SPANISH CONQUEST Europe – Age of Explorations 3 Goals of Europeans: Gold God Glory
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The Aztec 1519 – Hernando Cortes Advantages 1520 – Local Aztec Revolt
Gunpowder: Cannon, Musket Cavalry Spanish Weakened by Disease (Smallpox) Native Allies 1520 – Local Aztec Revolt 1521 – Spanish Destroyed
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The Inca 1530 – Francisco Pizarro Pizarro 200 Men - Atahualpa 30,000
1532-Spaniards won and conquered Incas
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OCEANIA
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Oceania: Oceania is a geographic, often geopolitical region consisting of numerous lands—mostly islands in the Pacific Ocean and vicinity
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Peopling of the Pacific Islands
Begins about 1500 BCE Australia – Hunters and Gatherers N. Guinea – Yams, Taro, Pigs and Chickens Vanuato, Fiji, Samoa, Hawaii, Easter Island, New Zealand
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Australia Remain nomadic foragers until European migration in 19th century Limited interactions with New Guinea Intertribal trade
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Pacific Island Societies
Regional Trade Networks Intermittent Long Distance Trade Yams Distinct Social Classes Polytheistic Marae Chiefly States Powerful Chiefs Organized land allocation, labor mobilization and military
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