1. Expansion through diplomacy
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Spain cedes Florida (1819)
Britain cedes Oregon Territory (1846)
Russia sells Alaska (1867)
Gadsden Purchase (1853)
Annexation of Texas (1845)
The U.S. gains southwest region through victory in the Mexican War (1848)
Does Manifest Destiny just end? Does America continue advancing?

2. HAWAII
Economy of the islands centered on the export of tropical crops, especially sugarcane and pineapple. American merchants used Hawaii as a pit stop going back and forth to China.
1893, U.S. military forces landed and helped the planters overthrow the queen.
After the revolt the white planters applied to Congress for annexation.
Sanford B. Dole - Dole was named president of the Provisional Government of Hawaii that was formed after the coup.
Serving as a friend of both Hawaiian royalty and the elite immigrant community, Dole advocated the westernization of Hawaiian government and culture.
1898 Hawaii was annexed as a U.S. Territory but does not become a state until l959.

3. The SPANISH – AMERICAN WAR - 1898

4. Cuba vs. Spain
1868 revolutionary group largely made up of poor whites, free blacks, and slaves demanded independence from Spain.
At the same time Cuba was coming under the economic influence of the United States.
1895 Cubans will Rebel again.
Cuba rebels will engage in guerrilla warfare launching surprise attacks against Spanish Forces and fading back into the countryside.
Spain will send General Weyler to put down the uprising.
Weyler forced tens of thousands of Cubans into concentration camps.

5. Mass Media Responds
Mass Media – methods of communicating to mass audience.
Reporters and artists were encouraged to stretch the truth about the bravery of Cuban rebels and the horrors of Spanish rule.
Helped stir public support for U.S. intervention to aid the rebels.

6. The Beginning Pulitzer’s World vs. William Randolph Hearst’s Journal
Leads to Yellow Journalism
Sensational news stories
Favorite Subject was the brutal suppression of a rebellion in Cuba.
Responsible for garnishing public support for going to war with Spain.

7. Tensions Boil Between Spain and the U.S.
De Lome letter
Enrique Dupuy de Lome, the Spanish ambassador to Washington called President McKinley “weak and catering to the rabble and besides, a low politician.”
USS Maine sunk in Havana Harbor
The U.S. Declares war on Spain in 1898.

8. Spanish American War
Congress passed the Teller Amendment – once Cuba was liberated and peace was restored, the U.S. would leave the government and control of the Island to its people.
War will last only a few months.
Battle in the Philippines – Spanish fleet was sunk in Manila Bay.
Battle in Cuba – Roosevelt’s Rough Riders and American Navy destroyed the Spanish squadron as it tried to escape.

9. End of the War
Treaty of Paris (Dec. 10, 1898)– 3 main points: 1) Spain granted independence to Cuba; 2) Ceded Puerto Rico and Guam; 3) Ceded the Philippines to the U.S. in exchange for $20 million.
Platt Amendment allowed the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs and to buy or lease land for naval bases.
Will be repealed in 1934.
By 1913, U.S. investment will increase to $220 million; and U.S. business will own 60% of Cuba’s rural lands and many of the island’s industries.
The United States will be now considered a World Super Power.

10. The Filipino War
After Spanish American War; the United States refused to recognize the new government in the Philippines
Fighting breaks out
U.S. will respond with force, destroying villages, and herding civilians into prison camps.
200,000 Filipinos and 5,000 Americans died
U.S. will not surrender Philippines until 1945.