1. The Rise of American Imperialism Hawaii, Cuba, the Philippines,
and Latin America

2. IMPERIALISM - definitions
1. Imperialism = the quest to build up a
territorial empire.
2. Imperialism = the economic and political domination of a strong nation over weaker ones.

3. BACKGROUND - Imperialism
US. Imperialism – response to European Imperialism
1. Fundamental Cause: Industrial Revolution
Industrialized nations desired colonies to provide:
a) cheap supply of raw materials
b) a market for the mother country’s goods
c) large profits w/ minimum risk on investment of
SURPLUS CAPITAL

4. Anti-Imperial Sentiment
From the Civil War until the 1890s, most Americans had little interest in territorial expansion:
Imperial rule seemed inconsistent with America's republican principles.
The US did not welcome people with different cultures, languages, and religions.

5. Acquisition of Alaska
The exception to the rule was Alaska. In 1867, Sec. of State William Steward arranged to buy Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million. Rich in natural resources (timber, minerals, and oil), Alaska was a bargain at two cents per acre.

6. European Imperialism
By the mid-1890s, a shift had taken place in American attitudes toward expansion. Why? Between 1870 and 1900, the European powers seized 10 million square miles of territory in Africa and Asia. About 150 million people were subjected to colonial rule.

7. 3. EXAMPLE of other Nations (Imperialist)
British Empire controlled over ¼ of World’s
territory and population

8. Fear of Competition
In the United States, a growing number of policy makers, bankers, manufacturers, and trade unions grew fearful that the country might be closed out in the struggle for global markets and raw materials.

9. Belief in Darwinian Struggle
A belief that the world's nations were engaged in a Darwinian struggle for survival and that countries that failed to compete were doomed to decline also contributed to a new assertiveness on the part of the United States.

10. Dependency on Foreign Trade
By the 1890s, the American economy was increasingly dependent on foreign trade. A quarter of the nation's farm products and half its petroleum were sold overseas.

11. A Desire for Sea Power
Alfred Thayer Mahan, a naval strategist and the author of The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, argued that national prosperity and power depended on control of the world's sea-lanes. "Whoever rules the waves rules the world," Mahan wrote.

12. A New Assertiveness
During the late 1880s, American foreign policy makers began to display a new assertiveness. The United States came close to declaring war on Germany, Chile, and Great Britain.

13. American Expansion in the Pacific
Perry opens Japan
1852 President Fillmore ordered Commodore Perry to negotiate trade with Japan.
Perry’s warships influenced the decision for Japan to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa giving the U.S.A trading rights to Japanese ports.

14. The Annexation of Hawaii
In 1893, a small group of sugar and pineapple-growing businessmen, backed by the U.S. military, deposed Hawaii's queen, seized 1.75 million acres of land, and conspired for U.S. annexation of the islands, which was achieved in Hawaii became a state in

15. Diplomacy in Latin America
1800s U.S.A wanted to build influence in Latin America.
We bought raw materials from Latin America.
However, Latin America purchased most of their goods from Europe.
Secretary of State James G. Blaine advocated Pan- Americanism: the idea the U.S.A and Latin America work together.

16. Origins of Spanish American War
The Tariff of 1894, which put restrictions on sugar imports to the United States, severely hurt the economy of Cuba which was then a Spanish colony. Angry nationalists began a revolt against the Spanish colonial regime.

17. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898)
Causes of the War:
1. Despotic Spanish rule over Cuba
A. Spain denied civil liberties & political rights
B. Levied heavy taxes – restricted foreign trade
C. Ruthlessly suppressed rebellions
D. Spain finally abolished slavery in 1886
E. Economic depression brings another
revolt for INDEPENDENCE

18. 2. American Humanitarianism & sympathy
A. Sympathized with desire for independence
B. Outraged when over 200,000 Cubans died in
concentration camps of hunger and disease

19. 3. ECONOMIC INTERESTS A. American merchants traded with Cuba to the
amount of $100 Million a year
B. American investors placed $50 million in
sugar and tobacco plantations.

20. Yellow Journalism journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration.
A. William Randolph Hearst – NY Journal
B. Joseph Pulitzer – New York World
C. Both Newspapers sought to increase
circulation by sensationalized news stories.
3) Hearst’s Journal printed the De Lomé Letter
Spanish ambassador calls McKinley “weak”

21. The USS Maine
The US, which had many businessmen with investment interests in Cuba, became concerned and dispatched the USS Maine to rescue US citizens who might be endangered by the conflict.

23. 5. Sinking of the Maine – Feb 1898
A. American battleship visiting Cuba blown up
260 Americans killed
B. Cause: probably fire in a coal bin
C. But, American public goaded on by the
Yellow Press – blames SPAIN

24. The Effects of Yellow Journalism
On February 15, 1898 the Maine mysteriously blew up and the US blamed a Spanish mine. When the American public was stirred into an anti-Spanish frenzy by the yellow journalism of men like Hearst and Pulitzer, President McKinley pushed for war.

26. ROUGH RIDERS
A Calvary unit made up of cowboys, miners and law officers.
Trained in Tampa, Florida led by Theodore Roosevelt in combat.
ON July 1st the Rough Riders and Buffalo Soldiers attacked and held Kettle hill, and then assisted in the capture of San Juan hill.
Roosevelt gave up his position as assistant sectary of the Navy. He had political ambitions but wanted to shed his elitist perception.

27. Buffalo Soldiers

28. Outbreak of the War
McKinley demands Spain ends camps and negotiate with Cuban rebels
April 11, 1898: McKinley asks Congress to use American armed forces in Cuba
Congress approves on 4-20, and recognizes Cuba’s INDPENDENCE from Spain.

29. Treaty of Paris Dec 10th 1898 Ended 16 - week war Cuba now independent
U.S.A acquires Puerto Rico, Guam
Pays Spain 20 million for the Philippines

30. Teller Amendment
Congress agreed, but only after adopting the Teller Amendment that made it clear that the United States did not harbor imperialist ambitions and would not acquire Cuba.

31. The Platt Amendment
After the US defeated Spain, it passed the Platt Amendment which gave the US the right to intervene in Cuba to protect "life, property, and individual liberties." The 144-day war also resulted in the US taking control of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam.

32. Annexation Debate - Philippines
ANTI-Annexation
Violated the
Declaration of Independence
Denied Self-Government to the new territories
Introduced more racial problems
PRO-Annexation
Educate Filipinos
Uplift Filipinos
Civilize Filipinos
William Howard Taft,
Governor of Philippines

33. The “Bolo War” Lasted 3 years Guerilla War
AKA the Filipino Rebellion
AKA Philippine-American War
Lasted 3 years
Guerilla War
Filipinos fight for independence
Led by Emilio Aguinaldo

34. The Philippine American War
As a result of the Philippine American War, a sequel to the Spanish American War, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States for $20 million.

35. American Atrocities
To suppress Filipino insurgency, the American military forcibly relocated or burned villages, imprisoned or killed non- combatant civilians, and used vicious torture techniques (including the water cure) on suspected insurgents.

37. Philippine Independence
During the war, more than 4,000 American soldiers, about 20,000 Filipino fighters, and an estimated 200,000 Filipino civilians died. After a long struggle, the Filipinos received their independence in 1946.

38. Open Door Policy John Hay – Sec. of State
Called for open access for all countries to all of China’s ports

39. Boxer Rebellion

40. PANAMA CANAL The Isthmus of Panama
Isthmus – narrow strip of land connecting two land masses
The Isthmus of Panama

41. PANAMAL CANAL
Having a canal through central America was vital for U.S.A
interests.

42. Interventions in Western Hemisphere
To enforce order, forestall foreign intervention, and protect economic interests, the United States intervened in the Caribbean and Central America some twenty times over the next quarter century -- in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama.

43. American Support of Dictators
Each intervention put into power a dictator supportive of American interests (Somoza in Nicaragua, Trujillo in the Dominican Republic, and Duvalier in Haiti).
Somoza
Trujillo
Duvalier

44. Protection of American Interests
On the whole, the United States’ actions in Latin America protected US commercial and strategic interests, but the goal of spreading democracy went mostly unfulfilled. The frequent use of military force also engendered widespread resentment in the region.

45. The Roosevelt Corollary
In 1904, when Germany demanded a port in the Dominican Republic as compensation for an unpaid loan, Theodore Roosevelt announced the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine, declaring that the United States would be the policeman of the Caribbean and Central America.