1. Fragmentation and Edges

2. Brazil- loss of primary rainforest
Myers- 5th hotspot of diversity- Guinean forest hotspot

3. Fragmentation Total area decreases Size of patches decreases
Number of patches increases
Isolation increases, connectedness decreases
Edge length increases
But changes in habitat arrangement rarely occurs without habitat LOSS

4. What happens?
Island biogeography: sampling loss, extinction increases, immigration decreases
Genetics: sampling loss, effective population size decreases, drift increases, gene flow decreases
Populations: population size decreases, extinction risk increases
Metapopulations: immigration decreases, patch occupancy falls, extinction risk increases
Communities: species interactions change, integrity (area larger enough for key processes like top predators and fire) decreases

5. What happens? Deterministic change: habitat change
Random change: losses as f(area, isolation) [Extinction Debt]
Incidence functions, threshholds
Area-sensitivity
Isolation-sensitivity

6. Megareserves for large predators
>106 ha
100 km linear extent

7. Bobcat George Hess http://www4.ncsu.edu/~grhess/research/regplan/
Extensive undisturbed habitat
Bobcat (ADK)
Requires large area of habitat with relatively low levels of human activity, highest overall ranking in earlier surveys (including all limit and keystone categories). Movement threatened by roads.
Eastern Box Turtle (ADR)
Connectivity between breeding habitat and other resources threatened by roads, but at a smaller scale than for the bobcat.Riparian and bottomland forest
Barred Owl (AR)
Nests in mature, large trees; rarely forages far from bottomland, occurs at lower densities than the Red-Shouldered Hawk and other species suggested.
Beaver (K)
Keystone species that creates wetland systems.Upland forest
Ovenbird (AP)
Prefers mature uplands with well-developed understory. Occurs at lower density than Wood Thrush and other species suggested.
Broad-winged Hawk (A)
Requires extensive forested uplands.Mature forest
Pileated Woodpecker (ARP)
Requires large area of mature forest and large snags for breeding.Pastures and grassy fields
Loggerhead Shrike (ARP)
Needs agrarian habitat, open fields, scattered trees and hedgerows, woodland margins, thickets. Ranked higher in earlier surveys than Eastern Meadow Lark and Grasshopper Sparrow and occurs at lower densities than those species.Open forest and early successional forest
Northern Bobwhite (DRP)
Needs abandoned fields, thickets, and woodland margins. Sensitive to development.

8. Jordan Lake Macrosite

11. Come In, 1942
As I came to the edge of the woods,

12. Thrush music, Hark!

13. Now, if it was dusk outside,
Inside it was dark.
Too dark in the woods for a bird
By sleight of wing
To better its perch for the night,
Though it still could sing.

14. The last of the light of the sun
That had died in the west
Still lived for one song more
In a thrush’s breast
Far in the pillared dark
Thrush music went–
Almost like a call to come in
To the dark and lament.

15. But no, I was out for the stars,
I would not come in.
I meant not, even if asked,
And I hadn’t been.

16. Come In!
…Almost like a call to come in to the dark and lament.
But no, I was out for the stars.
I would not come in.
I meant not even if asked
And I hadn’t been.

18. The Wood Thrush, Shade Grown Coffee The New Hope Audubon Society Fred Houk, Jr.
December 30, 2000, Chapel Hill Herald

19. The 3 Step Process of Species Loss and Extinction Debt
Instantaneous
Fast Faster & Greater
Loss as Area
Slow
Extinction debt Steeper z

20. Changes around edges? Greater number of invasives Microclimate changes
Light
Soil moisture