2. Overview Classes of Navigation 12-Mile Limit and Sovereign Airspace
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
Inertial Navigation Systems
Multisensor Systems
Limitations of Navigation Systems

3. Objectives
Define the classes of navigation as provided in the FAA guidance
Explain how the 12-Mile Limit of international waters affects the legalities of oceanic operations
Identify the different types of navigation systems
Identify the limitations of the different navigation systems

4. Classes of Navigation
Q. A part 135 operator requests initial authorization to fly in the WATRS area directly from Atlanta, GA to Bermuda. Does this require Oceanic and Remote Continental (formerly Class II) approval?
A. Yes. This type of operation is outside the Operational Service Volume (OSV) of Class I Navigational Aids (NAVAIDs) and requires Long-Range Navigation (LRN) equipment and authorization.

5. Classes of Navigation, cont.
Class I
Operating within the OSV of ICAO ground- based NAVAIDs
AIM Fig Standard High Altitude Service Volume

6. Classes of Navigation, cont.
Oceanic and Remote Continental (formerly Class II)
Operating outside the OSV of ICAO ground-based NAVAIDs
LRNS

7. 12-Mile Limit and Sovereign Airspace
US territorial waters extend from the shoreline to 12NM off the coast.
14 CFR discusses rules for specific aircraft operating within the 12- Mile Limit.
14 CFR 91.1 and discuss rules for operating beyond the 12- Mile Limit.

8. 12-Mile Limit and Sovereign Airspace, cont.
ICAO SARPs apply outside the 12-Mile Limit.
Each ICAO Member State asserts the extent of its territorial waters and sovereign airspace.

9. Extended Over Water
14 CFR Part 1 Definition – Operations at a horizontal distance greater than 50 NM from the nearest shoreline
14 CFR Part – Survival Equipment required for flight overwater greater than 30 minutes flying time or 100 NM from the nearest shore
OpSpec A013 - Limited Over-water Exemption – 162 NM from the nearest shore

10. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
There are two GNSS in operation:
GPS is a U.S. GNSS constellation
GLONASS is a Russian GNSS constellation

11. GNSS, cont. Two examples of other GNSS in development:
Galileo is a European GNSS constellation with satellites declared operational in 2015
COMPASS is a Chinese GNSS constellation

12. GNSS, cont. Global Positioning System (GPS)
Constellation of navigation satellites orbiting about 10,000 NM above the earth.
Ground-based and space- based augmentation can improve accuracy and availability

13. GNSS, cont.
Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) and Fault Detection and Exclusion (FDE)
This is the address for the FAA AC90-100A GPS RAIM Prediction website: (directed at lower 48 states)

14. Inertial Navigation Inertial platform Inertial Reference System (IRS)
Inertial Reference Unit (IRU)

15. Multisensor System
Q. What is a mulitsensor system? A. A navigation system capable of integrating more than one approved navigation sensor into the aircraft’s position solution.

16. Multisensor System, cont.
A multisensor system typically includes:
VOR
DME
GNSS
Inertial

17. GNSS Limitations Gaps in satellite coverage Degradation of signal
Interference from both natural and man-made sources

18. Inertial Systems Limitations
Latitude (high latitude airport)
Environmental effects on alignment
Cold weather
High winds
Cargo loading/unloading

19. Multisensor System Limitations
FMS/FMC MEL
Navigation Sensor MEL
Example: MMEL for GVI

20. Review Classes of Navigation 12-Mile Limit and Sovereign Airspace
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
Inertial Navigation Systems
Multisensor Systems
Limitations of Navigation Systems

21. Objectives
Define the classes of navigation as provided in the FAA guidance
Explain how the 12-Mile Limit of international waters affects the legalities of oceanic operations
Identify the different types of navigation systems
Identify the limitations of the different navigation systems