1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy

2. Anatomical position
To avoid confusion among medical professional an anatomical position has been established. It is an erect stance with arms to the side palms facing forward and head forward.

3. Anatomical planes

4. Medical term for locations
Anterior-refers to the front of the body
Posterior refers to the back of the body

5. Medial and Lateral Medial-closer to the midline Lateral-away from the

6. Proximal *Towards an attachment Ex. Shoulder is proximal to the elbow
Ex. Hip is proximal to
the knee

7. Distal
*Away from the attachment

8. Cranial/Superior
Closer
To the
Head

9. Caudal/Inferior
Closer to the feet
Lower part
of body

10. Movements Flexion( ) -bending of hinge joint
Extension( / )-straightening of hinge joint

11. Abduction( Abd)-Away from the midline
Adduction (Add)- toward the midline

12. Pronation(pron)- palm down for wrist
Inward lean of forefoot for ankle

13. Supination(sup)-palm up for wrist
Outward lean of forefoot for ankle

14. Inversion(Inv)-sole is inward
Eversion(Ev)- sole is outward

15. Protraction
(protract)-shoulders forward
Retraction(retract-shoulders back

16. Internal rotation-(Int. R)rotating toward the body
External rotation (Ext.R)-rotating away from the body

17. Circumduction(circum.)
Happens at the ball and socket joint and encompasses several movements.

18. Plantarflexion(PF)-pointing ankle

19. Dorsiflexion(DF)-ankle up

20. Lateral flexion-to the side

21. Horizontal Abduction and Horizontal Adduction