1. Introduction to Anatomy Chapter 1

2. Anatomy Gross anatomy Microscopic anatomy Study of:
- Internal and external structure
- Physical relationships among body parts
Gross anatomy
Microscopic anatomy

3. Physiology Study of: - human body function
Anatomy & physiology are always related. Under normal circumstances – structure determines function

4. Levels of Organization
Life is built on successive levels of increasing complexity:
Chemical (or Molecular)
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism

5. Chemical Chemical or Molecular Level Figure 1-1 2 of 7
Atoms in
combination
Chemical or
Molecular Level
Complex protein
molecule
Figure of 7
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

6. Cellular Chemical or Molecular Level Cellular Level Figure 1-1 3 of 7
Atoms in
combination
Heart
muscle
cell
Chemical or
Molecular Level
Complex protein
molecule
Protein filaments
Cellular Level
Figure of 7
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

7. Tissue Tissue Level Chemical or Molecular Level Cellular Level
Cardiac
muscle
tissue
Atoms in
combination
Tissue Level
Heart
muscle
cell
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Neural (nervous) tissue
Chemical or
Molecular Level
Complex protein
molecule
Protein filaments
Cellular Level
Figure of 7
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

8. Organ Organ Level Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Chemical or Molecular Level
Cardiovascular
Organ
Level
The
heart
Cardiac
muscle
tissue
Atoms in
combination
Tissue Level
(Chapter 4)
Heart
muscle
cell
Chemical or
Molecular Level
(Chapter 2)
Complex protein
molecule
Protein filaments
Cellular Level
(Chapter 3)
Figure of 7
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

9. Organ System Organ System Level Organ Level Tissue Level Chemical or
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Nervous
Respiratory
Muscular
Digestive
Skeletal
Urinary
Integumentary
Reproductive
Organ
Level
The
heart
Cardiac
muscle
tissue
Atoms in
combination
Tissue Level
Heart
muscle
cell
Complex protein
molecule
Protein filaments
Chemical or
Molecular Level
Cellular Level
Figure of 7
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

10. Organism Organ Organism System Level Level ) Organ Level Tissue Level
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Nervous
Respiratory
Muscular
Digestive
Skeletal
Urinary
Integumentary
Reproductive
Organ
Level
The
heart
Cardiac
muscle
tissue
Atoms in
combination
Tissue Level
Heart
muscle
cell
Complex protein
molecule
Protein filaments
Chemical or
Molecular Level
Cellular Level
Figure of 7
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

11. Anatomical Landmarks & Regions
Figure 1-6(a)

12. Anatomical Landmarks & Regions
Figure 1-6(b)

13. Anatomical Landmarks & Regions
extremity
extremity

14. Anatomical Position Standard reference position Hands at side
Palms forward
Feet together
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

15. Directional Terms
Superior
Inferior

16. Directional Terms
Superior
Cephalic Cranial
Caudal
Inferior

17. Directional Terms Superior Cephalic Cranial Posterior or dorsal
Anterior or ventral
Caudal
Inferior

18. Directional Terms Superior Cephalic Cranial Proximal
Posterior or dorsal
Anterior or ventral
Caudal
Distal
Inferior

19. Directional Terms Superior Cephalic Cranial Proximal
Posterior or dorsal
Anterior or ventral
Lateral
Medial
Caudal
Proximal
Distal
Distal
Inferior

20. Directional Terms Superficial Deep Ipsilateral Contralateral Bilateral
Prone
Supine

21. Body Planes & Sections Longitudinal Transverse Plane Cross-section
Sagittal
Midsagittal
Parasagittal
Coronal/Frontal
Cross-section

22. Body Cavities
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
Ventral body cavity

23. Body Cavities Diaphragm subdivides ventral cavity into:
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity

24. Ventral Body Cavity Thoracic cavity Mediastinum Pericardial cavity
Pleural cavities (R and L)
Mediastinum
Pericardial cavity

25. Ventral Body Cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal
Pelvic

26. Membranes of the Ventral Cavity
Pleura
Pericardium
Peritoneum
All 3 are double layered serous membranes:
-outer “Parietal” layer lines cavity wall
-inner “Visceral” layer covers the organ(s) within the cavity

27. Abdominal Quadrants & Regions
(RUQ)
(LUQ)
(RLQ)
(LLQ)