1. Industrial Revolution
Machines began to replace significantly human and animal power in the production and manufacturing of goods
The use of the steam engine for producing textiles was the turning point
Europe gradually transitioned from an agricultural and commercial society into a modern industrial society
By mid 19th c – industrialism had spread across Europe
The economic changes of the Industrial Revolution did more than any other movement to revolutionize life in Europe and the world

2. Roots of the Industrial Revolution
Commercial Revolution ( )
Rise of Capitalism
Scientific Revolution
Increase in Europe’s population
Cottage Industry
Commercial revolution brought great economic growth of Europe Exploration
Capitalism increase in investments and ventures to make a profit
The middle class came to provide the leadership needed for the economic revolution
Scientific Revolution produced the first wave of mechanical inventions and technological advances
Increase in population provided larger markets
Cottage industry- rural industry was a major pillar of Europe’s growing economy in the 18th century

3. Proto-industrialization: Cottage Industry
“putting-out system”
A family enterprise
Merchant-capitalist would provide raw materials (wool) to a rural family who produced a finished or semi-finished product
Usually paid by the number of pieces produced
Merchants would sell the finished product
Wool cloth was the most important

4. Problems with the Cottage industry
Constant disputes between cottagers and merchants
Rural labor was unorganized and difficult for merchants to control
Merchant-capitalists searched for more efficient methods of production  factories and the industrial revolution
The cottage industry flourished in England
Spinning and weaving woolen cloth was the most important
The putting-out system in England spread to the Continent France and Germany

5. Proto-Industrialism Technology (prior to steam engine)
1733- John Kay- Flying Shuttle
1764- James Hargreaves- Spinning Jenny
1768- Richard Arkwright- water frame
1779- Samuel Crompton- spinning mule
Flying Shuttle- enabled the weaver to throw shuttle back and forth between threads with one hand – cut manpower needs on looms in half- only one person needed to operate loom
Spinning Jenny – mechanized the spinning wheel- hand operated and inexpensive
Spinners now outpaced the weavers
Water Frame- improved thread spinning – required water power
Factories with as many as 1,000 workers
Produced coarse, strong threat, used for spinning on jennies
Spinning mule- combined the best features of the spinning jenny and the water frame

6. Why did Industrialization begin in England?
Had no impact on continental Europe until after the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815)

7. Economic and Social Factors
Land and Geography
Good supply of coal and iron
Waterways
Expanding role in the Atlantic economy
Agricultural Revolution  vital to industrialization
British population will double
Large supplies of capital available due to over 2 centuries of profitable commercial activity
Entrepreneurs
Geographic isolation from the Continent offered protection and separation from many of the continental wars
Foreign assistance not required b/c had resources
Agri Rev
Supply of cheap and abundant labor emerged as the enclosure movement forced many landless farmers to move to towns and cities
The revolution made it possible for fewer farmers to feed larger numbers of people
Population increased, more people free to work in factories, people were free to move around in search of employment

8. Economic and Social Factors
Colonial Empire  access to raw materials and growing market for goods
Role of government  sympathetic to industrial development
Limited monarchy meant that government did not stifle the growth and expansion of the middle class as was the case in French and Russian societies
Stable government was important
Rise of the house of commons became an instrument of the middle class to gain government cooperation and secured middle class loyalty
Not devastated by wars
Parliamentary legislation favorable to industry – Lowes Act- limited liability for business owners

9. Growing demand of textiles= factory
New inventions facilitate increased production
Steam engine’s application to textile production was key!
Metallurgical industries flourished as they provided the machinery
By England produced more than ½ of the world’s cotton cloth
James Watt
Cotton goods became much cheaper and were enjoyed by all classes

10. Steam Engines and Coal Use of coal to power steam engines
Transition from wood-burning energy to coal- burning
By 1850, England produced 2/3 of world’s coal
Radical transformations in manufacturing and transportation
The iron industry transformed
Thomas Savory and Thomas Newcomen invented steam pump but inefficient
James Watt invents and patented the first efficient steam engine

11. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

12. Young Coal Miners

13. Transportation Revolution
Made possible by steam power
New canal systems
Construction of hard surfaced roads
1807- Robert Fulton’s steamboat the Clermont
Railroads
By locomotive widely used in England
World’s first important railroad Liverpool – Manchester railroad
1803 the first steam wagon used on the streets in London
1812 adapted for rails
1825, George Stephenson made railway locomotive commercially successful
Railroad
Greatly reduced the cost of shipping on land
Resulted in growing markets to meet demand
Facilitated growth of urban working class
Other industries

14. The Impact of the Railroad

15. Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851
Crystal Palace was built for an international exhibit.
It was intended to signify Britain’s industrial, economic, and military power.
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

16. Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

17. Crystal Palace: British Ingenuity on Display

18. Great Britain in 1850 Produced 2/3 of the world’s coal
Produced more than ½ of the world’s iron
Produced more than ½ of the world’s cotton cloth
GNP rose from %

19. In pairs, create a graphic organizer that compares and contrasts the Industrial Revolutions in France and Prussia with the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain.
You can use the SPRITE method as a guide.

20. Answer the following short –answer question…
Briefly analyze TWO reasons why the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain.
Briefly analyze ONE important similarity between industrialization of Great Britain and the industrialization of the continent.
Briefly analyze ONE important difference between the industrialization of Great Britain and the industrialization of the continent.
Industrialization in France- pg 527
German States pg 529