1. Using Sources
Pre-Course 66
USASMA

2. Using sources in text Summarizing Paraphrasing Direct quotations
Taking the main ideas from writing and condensing them into something smaller
Example: Watching the whole 90-minute documentary and writing a one-page summary about the main points.
Paraphrasing
Taking someone’s idea and restating it in your own words
Example: I teach a concept and your classmate doesn’t understand. You tell them what I taught in your own words.
Direct quotations
Directly copying/pasting someone’s words into your writing between quotation marks.
Example: “To be or not to be, that is the question” (Shakespeare).

3. Practical tips for paraphrasing
Read the passage. Then without looking, try to write down the main idea in your own words.
Look for synonyms to replace words. However, don’t choose a word you wouldn’t use in your own writing.
Use a partial quotation if you can’t replace all words or phrases (useful if there is a phrase in the writing that is best kept the way it is).

4. Try this!
With your group, describe how to do the following tasks:
Changing a tire
Parking a car
Washing a load of clothes
Packing for a trip
Now, exchange your description with another group. Rewrite their description in your own words.

5. Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing has to do with completely changing the sentence structure and vocabulary.
Paraphrase this quote from Man on Wire:
“If I die, what a beautiful death, to die in the exercise of your passion.”
With your group, restate this quotation in your own words (from Purdue OWL):
"Of the more than 1000 bicycling deaths each year, three-fourths are caused by head injuries. Half of those killed are school-age children. One study concluded that wearing a bike helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by 85 percent. In an accident, a bike helmet absorbs the shock and cushions the head." From "Bike Helmets: Unused Lifesavers," Consumer Reports(May 1990): 348.

6. Paraphrasing
 "The Antarctic is the vast source of cold on our planet, just as the sun is the source of our heat, and it exerts tremendous control on our climate," [Jacques] Cousteau told the camera. "The cold ocean water around Antarctica flows north to mix with warmer water from the tropics, and its upwellings help to cool both the surface water and our atmosphere. Yet the fragility of this regulating system is now threatened by human activity." From "Captain Cousteau,"Audubon (May 1990):17.

7. Using sources in context
No summary, paraphrase, or quotation stands alone.
You should always do two things:
Introduce the summary, paraphrase, or quotation
Interpret the summary, paraphrase, or quotation
Give credit where credit is due.
Don’t wait until the end of the paragraph to cite your source.
Use phrases such as “according to,” “____ stated in the article…”, etc.

8. Example Topic sentence/ introduction of source Paraphrase from source
One of the most popular games in electronic games is League of Legends. Riot Games, which is the publisher of the game, reports that 27 million people play the game daily (Tassi, 2014). I would like to show people that video games are relevant, and I want to explain how electronic sports is a valid industry and it is growing by the day.
Paraphrase from source
Interpretation or importance of source

9. In-text citation Use phrases such as:
This type of citation allows the author to include source information within the sentence or paragraph.
Include information such as:
Author (required)
Year (required)
Name of article or work
Journal the article can be found in
Use phrases such as:
According to Wilcoxon (2015), ……
In Wilcoxon’s 2015 study on teaching English, she reports that….

10. Parenthetical citation
This type of citation includes source information at the end of the cited material.
One author:
(Last name, year)
(Wilcoxon, 2015)
Two authors:
(Last & Last, year)
(Wilcoxon & Little, 2015)
More than two:
(Last, Last, & Last, year)
(Wilcoxon, Little, & Ballard, 2015)
(Wilcoxon et al., 2015)
[only after you’ve introduced all authors before]
Punctuation goes outside of the parenthesis.
First initial is never used.
Always a comma between name and year.

11. Other notes about APA citation
The first time you introduce a source that has more than two authors, always write all names. After, you may use et al.
et al. = “and others”
If in doubt, always cite.
Page number is only required for direct quotations.
Purdue Owl references