1. Reproduction
Asexual and Sexual

2. All Living Things…… Are made of cells, Require energy (food)
Develop and grow
Respond to the environment (stimulus/response)
Have a genetic code
Maintain homeostasis
evolve over time
REPRODUCE!!!
FRED CHEG!

3. Two Types of Reproduction
Asexual reproduction
Single parent
Genetically identical offspring
No genetic variability
Sexual reproduction
Two parents
Genetically different offspring
Has genetic variability.
“genetic” stands for the genetic code in DNA.
DNA is the carrier of all information in the cell.

4. Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission Vegetative reproduction Budding
Fragmentation/Regeneration in animals, propagation in plants.
Budding
Spore formation
Parthenogenesis

5. Binary Fission 1 cell divides into 2 genetically identical cells
Ex.: bacteria
Allows for fast reproduction

6. Vegetative Reproduction
piece of parent organism produce an offspring.
Ex: Propagation: Plant cuttings
fragmentation/Regeneration: in starfish, corals, some reptiles
Starfish video

7. Green plants are quite sophisticated in their methods of asexual reproduction. Offspring may be produced by runners, bulbs, rhizomes or tubers.
runners
Suckers/buds
tubers

8. Budding Offspring grows out of the body of the parent
Offspring smaller than parent cell
Ex: Yeast, hydra
Hydra Budding
yeast

9. Spore Formation
Spores are released from parent to produce genetically identical offspring.
Fungi
Spore video

10. Other types of asexual reproduction
Parthenogenesis: egg develops into new organism without fertilization (some species of sharks, snakes)
Comodo dragon video

11. sexual reproduction
Involves fertilization and 2 gametes (male and female)
Gametes are sex cells (used in sexual reproduction)
Female gamete: egg
Male gamete: sperm
Produced by MEIOSIS
Are haploid (N): Have half the no. of chromosomes in the species.

12. FERTILIZATION: when egg and sperm fuse generating a zygote (internal or external)
“Somatic cells” (non-sex cells) are:
Diploid (2N): have complete set of chromosomes for the species
-Produced by MITOSIS
Example: body cells, skin cells

13. Types of sexual reproduction
Pollination
External Fertilization
Internal Fertilization/Copulation
Hermaphrodism
Conjugation

14. Pollination Sexual fertilization in plants Flowers:
Female gamete is egg
Male gamete is pollen
Pollination video

15. External fertilization
Happens in water .
The females lay the eggs in the water and the male release the sperm in the same area.
Examples:
fish and amphibians.
Oscar fish breeding
Oscar fish hatching

16. Internal Fertilization
Fertilization occurs within the female.
Internal fertilization occurs
in mammals, insects, birds, reptiles.

17. Other forms of sexual reproduction
Hermaphroditism:
Organisms have male and female
reproductive organs.
Able to self-fertilize.
Examples: flowering plants, fruit trees, sea horses
Hermaphroditism video
Conjugation
exchange of genetic
material without sex cells.
bacteria and other
single cell organisms

18. Advantages
Asexual Reproduction 1.Produces large number of offspring very frequently 2.Requires less energy 3.No specialized sex organs or opposite sex partners Sexual Reproduction 1.Maintains genetic diversity 2. Increased chances for survival (ability to adapt) 3.Caring for young increases survival

19. Disadvantages
Asexual Reproduction 1.No genetic variation 2.Reduces chances of survival in changing environments 3.No protection by parent Sexual Reproduction 1. reproduce less frequently & have fewer offspring 2. nurtures and protects offspring 3.Non-nurturers leave offspring vulnerable to predators

20. Who does it?
Asexual – Prokaryotes, some eukaryotes: organisms from the archaebacteria, eubacteria, and Protista kingdoms, some fungi, some plants, and some simple animals
Sexual – eukaryotes, some prokaryotes: most animals and plants, some protists, some fungi, humans, some prokaryotes (conjugation).

21. Regeneration The ability to replace or regrow missing body parts
The ability to replace or regrow missing body parts
Starfish, lizards