1. The Cell Cycle
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2. Genetics Part 1 The Cell Cycle Vocabulary
Reproduction
Involves the creation of new individuals
Cell Theory Revisited
Cells arise from preexisting cells
Sexual Reproduction (Sex)
Involves the combining of genes from two different individuals into new arrangements
Genes are arranged (sorted) into new arrangements.
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3. Vocabulary II Asexual Reproduction Cell Cycle
Sex without the sorting of genes
Example--when an amoeba divides
Involves the production of a new organism of species from a cell or cells of a single parent.
Cell Cycle
An ordered sequence of events in the life of a dividing eukaryotic cell.
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4. Vocabulary III Homework Assignment
Define Budding and list an example/examples of where budding occurs.
Define Fission and list an example/examples of where fission occurs.
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5. Vocabulary III Chromosome Chromosome set Chromatid Centromere
A linear end to end arrangement of genes and other DNA
Chromosome set
Total number of chromosomes in the chromosome set
Represented by the letter n
Chromatid
One of the two side-by-side replicas produced by chromosome division
Centromere
Place where chromatids are held together
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6. Vocabulary IV Haploid Diploid A cell having one chromosome set
Human Sperm 1 set of 23 chromosomes
Female Egg 1 set of 23 chromosomes
In human sex cells n, we represent the chromosome set by n
Diploid
A cell having 2 chromosome sets
As an individual, your somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes ( )
In human somatic cells, we represent the sets by 2n (2 * 23 chromosomes)
Your sex cells still have 1 set of 23 chromosomes
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8. Mitosis
Precise duplication of the contents of the parent cell nucleus, followed by an orderly separation of those contents into two new, identical nuclei.
Mitosis is asexual reproduction
Occurs in somatic cells
Produces 2 daughter cells from each/one parent cell
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9. Cell Cycle Picture #1 Three Stages
Interphase
G1 phase
Gap phase #1
S phase
DNA synthesis
DNA is duplicated
We will cover this after Mitosis and Meiosis
G2 phase
Gap Phase #2
M phase
Mitotic phase
PMAT
Cytokensis
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12. Cell Cycle Step by Step Interphase
Accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle
Cell grows and and copies it’s chromosomes in preparation for cell division
G1, S and G2 phase occur
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13. Cell Cycle Mitotic Phase (Mitosis)
Prophase
Longest of mitotic phase
Chromosomes condense and become visible
Chromosomes, once duplicated, are called two sister chromatids
Two chromatids (sister chromatids) are formed by one chromosome
Mitotic spindle assembles
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14. Prophase
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15. Prophase
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16. Metaphase
Chromosomes align along the middle (equatorial plane) of the cell
Microtubules attach chromosomes to opposite ends of the spindle
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17. Metaphase
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18. Metaphase
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19. Cell Cycle Mitosis Anaphase Telophase
Chromosomes are pulled to the poles of the cell
Sister chromatids are separated
Centromeres divide
Telophase
Nuclei (nucleus) and, nuclear envelope, reforms in daughter cells
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20. Anaphase
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21. Telophase
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22. Cell Cycle Cytokinesis
Both daughter cells are separated and two distinctive cells are formed.
Daughter cells are pinched off from each other
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24. Mitosis Steps
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26. Mitosis Final Notes One cell division resulting in two daughter cells
Chromosome number, per nucleus, remains the same
Haploid results in haploid
Diploid results in diploid
No crossing over
More on this in meiosis
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27. Apoptosis Programmed cell death Cell shrinks and condenses
Nuclear envelope disassembles
Nuclear DNA is broken up into fragments
Teacher notes
Gene turned on, suicide proteins are made, chain of events occur where key proteins in cell is broken down--suicide process regulated by surrounding cells in the area to ensure that cells survive only when and where they are needed.
Page 586
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28. Cancer Extra Credit
Proliferation genes (gas) that promote cell division
Anti-proliferation genes (brakes) that apply the brakes of cell division
Mutation in the proliferation genes, the genes that promote cell division, causes the cell to divide “non-stop”--hence a cancer growth or tumor is formed
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