1. Fertilization & Sexual Reproduction
Review questions
Fertilization
Reproductive organs
Meiosis (brief)
Genetic variation

2. Answer: SAME! They are clones and genetically identical.
In asexual reproduction, are the offspring different or the same as the parent?
Answer: SAME! They are clones and genetically identical.

3. Which type of asexual reproduction is shown?
Answer: Budding

4. Which type of sexual reproduction is illustrated below?
Answer: External fertilization

5. Which type of sexual reproduction is illustrated below?
Answer: Binary Fission

6. Which stage of MITOSIS is this
Which stage of MITOSIS is this? i A) Interphase B) Telophase C) Anaphase D) Metaphase
Answer: ANAPHASE

7. Which stage of MITOSIS is this
Which stage of MITOSIS is this? i A) Interphase B) Telophase C) Anaphase D) Metaphase
Answer: METAPHASE

8. The cell spends most (90%) of its time in which phase of the cell cycle? A) Interphase B) Telophase C) Anaphase D) Metaphase
Answer: INTERPHASE

9. Which part of the cell cycle involves the cytoplasm pinching in half to form 2 new cells? A) Interphase B) Metaphase C) Anaphase D) Cytokinesis
Answer: CYTOKINESIS

10. What is the correct order of the cell cycle?
(3) Interphase
(2) Prophase
(5) Metaphase
(1) Anaphase
(4) Telophase
*Cytokinesis isn’t shown

11. What is A called on the chromosome below?
Centromere
This is where the spindle fibers attach and the sister chromatids (B) separate.

12. Do all the cells on your body contain the same DNA (genetic information)? Yes/No?
You started off as just ONE cell that went through many stages of mitosis. All of your cells have the SAME DNA.

13. So how exactly did you start off as just one cell??
Sexual Reproduction  Fertilization
Fertilization = union of a sperm and egg

14. Most animals have separate male and female sexes.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION.
= reproduction in which genetic information is contributed by 2 parents
Most animals have separate male and female sexes.
Male produces sperm
Female produces eggs

15. Animal Reproductive Organs
Animals often have gonads, organs that produce eggs or sperm.
Testes (male) produce sperm.
Ovaries (female) produce eggs.
1 egg = 1 cell
1 sperm = 1 cell

16. Plant Reproductive Organs
Plants that have flowers have their reproductive parts in the flower.
The sperm is contained in the pollen, while the egg is contained in the ovary, deep within the flower.

17. The sperm can reach the egg 2 different ways in plants.
Self-pollination: the egg is fertilized by the pollen of the same flower.
Cross-pollination:  sperm from the pollen of one flower fertilizes the egg of another flower on another plant  combination of new traits!

18. = sex cells, such as a sperm or egg
Gametes
= sex cells, such as a sperm or egg
Half the amount of genetic information as a regular body cell.
If a regular human body cell has 46 chromosomes, how many does a sperm cell have?
A human sperm cell has 23 chromosomes.

19. Gametes are produced by a special type of cell division called MEIOSIS.

20. Combines the parents genetic information
ZYGOTE
When a sperm and egg meet during fertilization, a zygote is formed, the first cell of a new organism.
Combines the parents genetic information
Genetically unique

21. The zygote will then divide by mitosis and grow into the embryo.

22. So why are there so many different types of reproduction?
There are advantages and disadvantages to each type!
Asexual Reproduction Advantages
Don’t have to find a mate
Very quick
Produces a lot of offspring if the conditions are right
Offspring have the same genetics

23. Offspring have the same genetics!!
Asexual Reproduction Disadvantage
Offspring have the same genetics!!
= same DNA and mix of traits as the parent.
WHY IS THIS BAD?
1) If the parent has a gene that causes a particular disease, the offspring will also have the gene that causes that disease.
Also, offspring have less of a chance of survival and adaptability if the environment changes.

24. Sexual Reproduction Advantage
= GENETIC VARIATION IN OFFSPRING!
Offspring from sexual reproduction are a combination of their parents (they have traits from both!)
More diversity (differences) in the species means that they are better able to adapt to changes in the environment!

25. Sexual Reproduction Advantage
= GENETIC VARIATION IN OFFSPRING!
Genetic variation also decreases the likelihood of inheriting bad traits.
Diseases, disorders, intolerance to certain conditions

26. Sexual Reproduction Disadvantage 1) Have to find a mate
More time spent finding a mate = more time for
predators to find you and less time for
other things (finding food, seeking shelter)
2) One mate may not be as good as another
Have to select the appropriate mate = time + effort

27. Sexual Reproduction Advantage
= GENETIC VARIATION IN OFFSPRING!
Genetic diversity also reduces the likelihood of inheriting “bad” traits.
*Disorders & Diseases
*Intolerance to certain conditions
Genetic Variation Video