1. Introduction to the Animal Kingdom
The Invertebrates
Introduction to the Animal Kingdom

2. the study of the animal kingdom
Zoology
the study of the animal kingdom

3. Nine Processes 1. Movement 2. Support motile locomotion sessile
permanently fixed
2. Support
exoskeleton
tough plates covering the outside
endoskeleton
lighter, more flexible internal system of bones or cartilage

4. 3. Protective Body Covering
single layer of cells or fur, scales, skin, feathers, shells
Spines, quills, poisonous skin secretions, shells, tough hides or camouflaging coloration
4. Nutrition
heterotrophic
includes several processes
ingestion – intake of food
digestion – the breakdown of food
assimilation – the absorption of food

5. 5. Respiration 6. Circulation
intake of oxygen for use in cellular respiration
skin, gills, lungs, tubules
6. Circulation
closed system
blood/fluid contained within vessels
open system
blood/fluid exits vessels to bathe surrounding tissues

6. 7. Excretion
specialized organs that eliminate soluble wastes
ammonia is the primary waste product release by animal cells
8. Response
Irritability
the ability to respond to the environment
nerve net, ganglion, brain

7. 9. Reproduction some asexual budding regeneration all sexual
embryonic stages
larval stages

8. Symmetry the balance of form on each side of a dividing line
symmetrical vs. asymmetrical
types
spherical
radial
bilateral

9. Common terms of animal anatomy (Memorize! Page 343)
Cephalic – concerning the head
Caudal – concerning the tail
Anterior – toward the front
Posterior – toward the rear
Dorsal – upper surface; back
Ventral – lower surface; front
Lateral – toward the side
Medial – toward the middle
Midline – divides into right and left
Transverse – perpendicular to midline

10. Animal Classification
vertebrates
animals with backbones
5% of all animals
invertebrates
animals without backbones
95% of all animals

11. Animal Species
other arthropods
insects
other invertebrates
chordates