1. SKELETAL SYSTEM

2. Functions of the Skeletal System
Bones are made of OSSEOUS TISSUE
Support and Protection
Body movement
Blood cell formation (bone marrow) - hematopoeisis
Storage of inorganic materials                     (salt, calcium, potassium….)

3. About 206 bones 2 Main Divisions – Axial & Appendicular
ORGANIZATION
About 206 bones
2 Main Divisions – Axial & Appendicular

4. Axial Skeleton
Head, neck, trunk
Skull
Hyoid Bone
Vertebral Column
Thoracic Cage (ribs, 12 pairs)
Sternum

5. Appendicular Skeleton
Limbs & Bones that connect to the
Pectoral Girdle (shoulders)
Pelvic Girdle (hips)

6. Compact (wall of the diaphysis)
Types of Bone Tissue
Compact (wall of the diaphysis)
Spongy (cancellous, epiphysis) - red marrow

7. Bone Details Matrix: Where bone cells live
Osteocytes: Mature bone cells
All bones start as dense membranes
Primary Ossifications: shafts ( diaphysis)
Secondary Ossifications: ends (epiphesis)

8. Medullary Cavity – hollow chamber filled with bone marrow
Inside the Long Bone
Medullary Cavity – hollow chamber filled with bone marrow
Red Marrow (blood)
Yellow Marrow (fat)
Endosteum
– lining of the medullary

9. BONE STRUCTURE - Long Bone
Epiphysis: end part of long bone
Diaphysis :Shaft of long bone
Articular Cartilage: covers the articular surfaces of the bones participating in a synovial joint.
Periosteum: dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints
Endosteum layer of vascular tissue lining the inside of some bones ( also called medullary membrane)

10. Bone Development & Growth
EPIPHYSEAL DISK  (growth plate) is a band of cartilage between the epiphysis (the end part of a long bone and the diaphysis (the shaft or central part of a long bone)
These areas increase bone length as the cells ossify
Cartilage becomes OSTEOBLASTS make new bone
Osteoclasts: breaks down bones
in reabsorption

11. Types of Joints (articulations)
Synarthrotic (not moveable, aka sutures)
Amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable, vertebrae)
Diarthrotic (moveable joint, aka synovial joints)

12. Synovial fluid - fluid within the joints that helps to lubricate
Types of Joints
1.  Ball and Socket
2.  Hinge
3.  Pivot
4.  Saddle

13. BONES OF THE SKULL
Frontal: Anterior portion of eye 2. Parietal – one on each side of skull 3. Occipital –forms back of skull 4. Temporal – forms sides and base of cranium 5. Sphenoid – wedged between several bones 6. Maxilla – forms upper jaw 7. Mandible – forms lower jaw ( only moveable bone

14. Suture - refers to any connection between large bones (in fetal skulls, these are called fontanels)
Fissure - any wide gap between bones

15. Sutures
1. Coronal - between frontal and parietal bones 2. Lambdoidal - between occipital and parietal bones 3. Squamosal - between temporal and parietal bones 4. Sagittal - between parietal bones

16. Figure 6.10

17. Fontanels Cranium not solid at birth
Spaces called fontanels or “soft spots
Fibrous Tissue: allows for cranial expansion during birth
Foranum Magnum
Large opening where
Spinal cord enters
skull

18. Thoracic Cage Thoracic Cage: 12 pairs of ribs
True ribs: first seven pairs attach directly to the sternum by vertebral sternal ( costal cartilage)
False ribs: last five pairs. Indirectly attached
Floating ribs : last two pairs within false ribs

19. Vertebrae
Neck = cervical
Middle Back = thoracic
Lower Back = lumbar

20. Pectoral girdle Shoulders Two clavicles ( collar bones)
Two Scapulas ( shoulder blades)
Arms: humerus, radius and ulna
Wrist: 8 small bones called carpals
Fingers: phlanges

21. Bones of the Arm
Ulna goes to pinky  (P-U)
Radius goes to thumb

22. Wrist Bones For test Carpels Metacarpals Phalanges
*extra credit opportunity

23. Pelvic Girdle Hips : Two large bones called coxal bones
Legs: Femur ( thigh bone), tibia & fibula ( lower leg
Ankle & upper foot :7 bones called tarsals
Largest is heel bone called the calcaneus, metatarsals and phlanges

24. Pelvic Girdle

25. Bones of the Leg

26. Bones of the Ankle

28. Broken Bones

30. Open fracture Bone sticking through skin

31. Types of bone
Long Bones : Femur, Humerus and Tibia but are also some of the smallest includin the Metacarpals, Metatarsals and Phalanges.
Classification of a long bone includes having a body which is longer than it is wide, with growth plates (epiphysis) at either end.

32. Flat bones
Flat bones are as they sound, strong, flat plates of bone with the main function of providing protection to the bodies vital organs and being a base for muscular attachment.
The classic example of a flat bone is the Scapula (shoulder blade). The Sternum (breast bone), Cranium (skull), os coxae (hip bone) Pelvis and Ribs are also classified as flat bones.
Flat bones are as they sound, strong, flat plates of bone with the main function of providing protection to the bodies vital organs and being a base for muscular attachment.
The classic example of a flat bone is the Scapula (shoulder blade). The Sternum (breast bone), Cranium (skull), os coxae (hip bone) Pelvis and Ribs are also classified as flat bones.
Flat bones are as they sound, strong, flat plates of bone with the main function of providing protection to the bodies vital organs and being a base for muscular attachment.
The classic example of a flat bone is the Scapula (shoulder blade). The Sternum (breast bone), Cranium (skull), os coxae (hip bone) Pelvis and Ribs are also classified as flat bones.

33. Irregular Bones
These are bones in the body which do not fall into any other category, due to their non-uniform shape. Good examples of these are the Vertebrae, Sacrum and Mandible (lower jaw). They primarily consist of cancellous bone, with a thin outer layer of compact bone.

35. Sesamoid Bones
Sesamoid bones are usually short or irregular bones, imbedded in a tendon. The most obvious example of this is the Patella (knee cap) which sits within the Patella or Quadriceps tendon.

36. Abnormal Bone Conditions
BONE SPURS: abnormal growth. Can occur on any bone (e.g. heel).
OSTEOPOROSIS: Increased activity of osteoclasts cause a break down bone, and the subsequent fewer minerals in the extracellular matrix make it fragile. The spongy bone especially becomes more porous.
Men get it as well as women. What’s the best way to prevent osteoporosis? Exercise! What does exercise do? Makes bones bigger.
The most common bone used for a bone graft is the iliac bone of the hip.

37. Osteoporosis
Figure 6.15

38. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease which causes joint stiffness and bone deformity
Source: 

39. ABNORMALITIES OF THE SPINE
SCOLIOSIS is a lateral curve in the spine
KYPHOSIS is a hunchback curve
LORDOSIS is a swayback in the lower region.
ANKYLOSIS is severe arthritis in the spine and the vertebrae fuse.

40. SCOLIOSIS

41. LORDOSIS

42. ANKYLOSIS

43. FUN FACTS ABOUT BONES Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone.
Babies are born with 300 bones, but by adulthood we have only 206 in our bodies.
The giraffe has the same number of bones in its neck as a human: seven in total.
The long horned ram can take a head butt at 25 mph. The human skull will fracture at 5mph.