1. 11.2 |Politics, Economy, and Intellect
Sub-Saharan Africa
11.2 |Politics, Economy, and Intellect

2. O | P: Ethnic Kingdoms The Kingdom of Ghana c. 800 CE
Resembled a feudal state
The Empire of Mali c CE
Unified various ethnic groups
Converted to Islam
Timbuktu’s library

3. D | P: Imperialism Berlin Conference 1884
Indirect rule: the mother country rules through natives
Puppet states
Cheaper for Europe
Direct rule: the mother country rules directly and natives are citizens
More control = more involvement = more expensive

4. T | P: Third World Problems
Political corruption
Apartheid South Africa
Political instability
Boko Haram
Political repression
Bribery and fixed elections

5. O | EC: Trans-Saharan Trade
Trade with North African Islamic states
Oases for trade caravans
Traded gold, ivory, and salt
The African slave trade

6. D | EC: Triangular Trade
Silk Road trade, Indian Ocean trade, and Atlantic trade
Trans-Atlantic trade
Africa: resources to Europe; slaves to Americas
Americas: resources to Europe
Europe: manufactured goods to Africa and Americas
Later, the USA merges with Europe

7. T | EC: Third World Problems
Foreign economic ownership
Mismanagement of money and resources
Bribery and corruption
Uneven wealth distribution

8. O | I: Self-sustaining
African thought developed similarly to the rest of the world
Ethnic kingdoms
Agriculture
Technology and trade

9. D | I: Foreign Influence
Religious influence
Islam and Christianity
Cultural influence
Imperialism and “White Man’s Burden”

10. T | I: Conflicting Views
The struggles of Africa are two-sided
Issues of capitalism
African leaders that benefit in this system, perpetuate it
Africans under this leadership want change
The leaders limit change