1. The Fat-Soluble Vitamins
A, D, E, and K

2. The Fat-Soluble Vitamins

3. Vitamin A Other names What does it do Retinol Retinal Retinoic acid
Precursors are carotenoids such as beta-carotene
What does it do
Vision
Maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin
Bone and tooth growth
Reproduction
Immunity

4. Vitamin A 3000 g/day How much do you need Upper level for adults:
Men: 900 g RAE/day
Women: 700 g RAE/day
Upper level for adults:
3000 g/day

5. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene
Roles in the body
Vitamin A in vision

6. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene

7. Roles in the body
Vitamin A in protein synthesis and cell differentiation

8. Vitamin A And Beta-Carotene
Where do you get it
The colors of vitamin A foods
Vitamin A-poor fast foods
Vitamin A-rich liverRetinol: fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, fortified margarine, eggs, liver
Beta-carotene: spinach and other dark leafy greens; broccoli, deep orange fruits (apricots, cantaloupe) and vegetables (squash, carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin)

9. In Summary Deficiency disease: hypovitaminosis A Deficiency symptoms
Night blindness, corneal drying (xerosis), triangular gray spots on eye (Bitot’s spots), softening of the cornea (keratomalacia), and corneal degeneration and blindness (xerophthalmia)

10. In Summary Deficiency symptoms (continued)
Impaired immunity (infections)
Plugging of hair follicles with keratin, forming white lumps (hyperkeratosis)

11. Deficiency Symptom: Keratinization

12. In Summary Toxicity disease: hypervitaminosis A
Chronic toxicity symptoms
Increased activity of osteoclasts causing reduced bone density
Liver abnormalities
Birth defects

13. In Summary Acute toxicity symptoms Blurred vision
Nausea, vomiting, vertigo
Increase of pressure inside skull, mimicking brain tumor
Headaches

14. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

16. Vitamin D Other names Calciferol 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (calcitriol)
Animal version: vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol
Plant version: vitamin D2 or ergocalciferol
Precursor is the body’s own cholesterol

17. Vitamin D What does is do
Mineralization of bones (raises blood calcium and phosphorus by increasing absorption from digestive tract, withdrawing calcium from bones, stimulating retention by kidneys)

18. Vitamin D How much do you need (1997 adequate intake (AI))
19-50 years: 5 g/day
51-70 years: 10 g/day
more than 70 years: 15 g/day
Upper level for adults:
50 g/day

19. Vitamin D Where do you get it
Synthesized in the body with the help of sunlight
Fortified milk, margarine, butter, cereals, and chocolate mixes
Veal, beef, egg yolks, liver, fatty fish (herring, salmon, sardines) and their oils

21. Vitamin D
Deficiency diseases
Rickets
Osteomalacia

22. Vitamin D Deficiency symptoms: rickets in children
Inadequate calcification, resulting in misshapen bones (bowing of legs)
Enlargement of ends of long bones (knees, wrists)
Deformities of ribs (bowed, with beads or knobs)

23. Vitamin D Deficiency symptoms: rickets in children (continued)
Delayed closing of fontanel, resulting in rapid enlargement of head

24. Vitamin D Deficiency symptoms: rickets in children (continued)
Lax muscles resulting in protrusion of abdomen
Muscle spasms
Deficiency symptoms: osteomalacia in adults
Loss of calcium, resulting in soft, flexible, brittle, and deformed bones

25. Vitamin D Deficiency symptoms: osteomalacia in adults (cont.)
Progressive weakness
Pain in pelvis, lower back, and legs
Toxicity disease: hypervitaminosis D

26. Vitamin D Toxicity symptoms Elevated blood calcium
Calcification of soft tissues (blood vessels, kidneys, heart, lungs, tissues around joints)
Frequent urination

28. Vitamin E Other name: alpha-tocopherol What does it do
Antioxidant (stabilization of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation reactions, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A)
How much do you need (2000 RDA)
Adults: 15 mg/day
Upper level for adults:
1000 mg/day

29. Vitamin E

30. Vitamin E Where do you get it
Polyunsaturated plant oils (margarine, salad dressings, shortenings)
Leafy green vegetables, wheat germ, whole grains, liver, egg yolks, nuts, seeds
Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen

31. Vitamin E Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms
Red blood cell breakage
Nerve damage
Toxicity symptoms
Augments the effects of anticlotting medication

33. Vitamin K Other names Phylloquinone Menaquinone Menadione
Naphthoquinone

34. Vitamin K What does it do
Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins that regulate blood calcium

35. Vitamin K How much do you need (2001 AI) Men: 120 g/day
Women: 90 g/day

36. Vitamin K Where do you get it
Bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract
Liver
Leafy green vegetables, cabbage-type vegetables
Milk

37. Vitamin K Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms Hemorrhaging
None known

39. Antioxidant Nutrients In Disease Prevention
Free radicals and disease
Oxidative stress
Defending against free radicals
Oxidants and antioxidants

40. Antioxidant Nutrients In Disease Prevention

42. Copyright 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
9-33

43. Benefits and Risks of Fat-Soluble Vitamin Supplements
Copyright 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
9-34