1. Organic Chemistry
All living things are mostly composed of 4 elements: H, O, N, C “honk”
Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories:
Inorganic Compounds:
Do not contain carbon
Organic compounds
Contain significant amounts of carbon.
Often found with common "functional groups"

2. Carbohydrates Includes: Sugars, starches, cellulose & glycogen
Made of Carbon ( C ), Hydrogen ( H ), and Oxygen (O )
Following ratio of elements CnH2nOn
Sugars: Provide immediate energy for cells
Simple sugars include Glucose & Fructose since these are made of only 1 Carbohydrate molecule they are known as Monosaccharides
Glucose: A Monosaccharide

3. Carbohydrates Polysaccharides
Starches are many monosaccharides linked together in a single chain. These are called Polysaccharides.
Plants use Starch for energy storage e.g. Potatoes
Starch
Cellulose is made of long polysaccharide chains
Plants use this for structure (e.g. Wood) - not very digestible
Due to the reverse orientation of the monosaccharide subunits, digestive enzymes cannot hydrolyze the bonds between them

4. Carbohydrates Glycogen
Glycogen is a moderately branched polysaccharide
Animals use this for short-term energy storage.
Mostly stored in the human liver until converted to fat
Glycogen

5. Lipids Lipids are macromolecules including Fats, Waxes and Oils.
Primary function is energy storage.
Energy is stored in C- H bonds.
More efficient in storing energy
Lipids are made of 2 parts
Glycerol - an alcohol - Serves as backbone of the molecule
3 Fatty acids - Long hydrocarbon chains

6. Lipids
Types of fats
Saturated fats have long chains with no double-bonds
Unsaturated fats have double bonds
Polyunsaturated fats have many double bonds
Each time a double bond is encountered, the molecule "Bends" slightly, resulting in a lower density of the lipid. This makes the molecule more likely to remain liquid at room or body temperatures. And thus, less likely to clog cardiac arteries.

7. Proteins Proteins are made of Amino Acids
There are 20 different amino acids. Each having a similar general structure - Differ only in their “R” groups

8. Proteins Peptide Bonds
Amino acids form proteins via dehydration synthesis forming peptide bonds
Two amino acids linked together are called dipeptides
More than 2 linked together are called polypeptides - polypeptides can be thousands of amino acids long

9. Nucleic Acids Two types of Nucleic acids DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
DNA is Formed of in a "Double Helix" - like a spiral staircase.

10. Nucleic Acids Nucleotides DNA is formed from Nucleotides
These are made of 3 components
A 5-Carbon Sugar
A Nitrogenous base
A Phosphate group
Nucleotides form a backbone through linkages from the OH group of the 3rd carbon to a phosphate group of the adjoining nucleotide. These are called Phosphodiester bonds

11. Nucleic Acids Types of Nucleotides
For DNA There are 4 different Nucleotides categorized as either Purines (double ring) or Pyramidines (single ringed). These are usually represented by a letter. These Are:
Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T)

12. Summary of DNA Structure
Nucleic Acids
Summary of DNA Structure