1. DIRECTED DIFFUSION

2. Directed Diffusion Data centric Attribute-naming based
A node request data by sending interest for named data
Data matching interest is drawn toward that node
Intermediate nodes can cache or transform data directly
Attribute-naming based
Data aggregation
Interest, data aggregation and data propogation are determined by localized interactions.
Trades off some energy efficiency for increased robustness

3. Directed Diffusion
Consists of elements: Interests, data messages, gradients and reinforcements.
Interest: a query or an interrogation which specifies what a user wants.
Data: collected or processed information
Gradient: direction state created in each node that receives interest.
Gradient direction is toward the neighboring node which the interest is received
Events start flowing from originators of interests along multiple gradient paths.

4. Interests and Gradients
Naming
Task descriptions are named by a list of attribute value pairs that describe a task
eg:
type=wheeled vehicle // detect vehicle location
interval=20ms // send events every 20 ms
duration=10s // for the next 10s
rect=[-100,100,200,400] // from sensors within rectangle
Interests and Gradients
Interest is usually injected to the network from sink
For each active task, sink periodically broadcasts an interest message to each of its neighbors
Initial interest contains the specified rect and duration attributes but larger interval attribute
Interests tries to determine if there are any sensor nodes that detect the wheeled vehicle(exploratory).

5. Interests Soft state, periodically refreshed by the sink
Sink sends the same interest in monotonically increasing timestamp attribute.
Because interests are not reliably transmitted through the network.
Refresh rate increase robustness to loss interests with the trade off overhead
Every node has an interest cache storing each distinct interest.
Interest entries do not contain information about the sink, but just about immediately previous hop.
Two interests overlapping rect attributes aggregated to a single interest entry.
eg:
Type=wheeled vehicle
Interval=1s
Rect=[-100,200, 200,400]
Timestamp=01:20:40
Expires at=01:30:40

6. Interests
When a node receives an interest, it checks to see if the interest exists in the cache
If no matching, node creates an entry(gradient and data rate)
If interest exists but no gradient, adds a gradient and updates the timestamp and duration fields.
If interest exists and have gradient, just update the timastamp and duration
When gradient expires, it is removed from the interest entry.

7. Interests (diffusion)
After receiving an interest, a node may decide to resend the interest to subset of its neighbors.
To its neighbors, it apeears that it is originating from the sending node, although it is coming from distant sink(local interaction).
Not all received interest are resent
If a node recently resent matching interest, it may suppress the received interest

8. Gradient Establishment
Every node establishes a gradient towards each other
This two way gradient can cause low data rate because it would receive one copy from each node.
Reinforcement is a solution for this problem
Gradient includes data rate and direction in which to send events.

9. Data Propogation
When a sensor node receives a data message, it searches its interest cache for a matching interest entry.
If matching, checks data cache(keep track of recently seen data items)
Advantage of data cache: loop prevention
By examining the data cache, data rate can be determined
If exists in data cache, silently drop data message
If not, added to the data cache and resent to the neighbors
To resend a received data message, examine gradient list
If all gradient have data rate greater than or equal to the rate of incoming events(means more interest), resend data to neighbors.
If some gradients have lower data rates, node may donwconvert to appropriate gradients.
If no match, the data message is silently dropped

10. Reinforcement for Path Establishment
Sink periodically diffuses interest for a low-rate event (exploratory events)
Once source detects a matching target, it sends exploratory events toward sink(multiple paths)
After sink starts receiving these, it reinforces one particular neighbor in order to draw down real data.

11. Positive Reinforcement
Local rule – selects an epmirically low-delay path
Reinforce any neighbor from which node receives a previously unseen event
To reinforce this neighbor, the sink resends the original interest message with a smaller interval(higher data rate)
Type=wheeled vehicle
Interval=10ms
Rect=[-100,200, 200,400]
Timestamp=01:22:35
Expires at=01:30:40
When the neighboring node receives this interest, it notices that it already has a gradient toward this node(it notice the interval is small)
If this new data rate is also higher than the existing gradient (outflow from this node has increased), the node must reinforce at least one more neighbor.
We do not need to reinforce neighbors that are already sending data at higher rate.

12. Local Repair for Failed Paths
Intermediate nodes on a previously reinforced path can apply reinforcement rules(useful for failed or degraded paths)
C detects degradation
By noticing that the event reporting rate from its upstream neighbor(source) is now lower
By realizing that other neighbors have been transmitting previously unseen location estimates.
And apply reinforcement rules
Problem: wasted resources
Avoid this is interpolate location estimates from the events

13. Negative Reinforcement
If sink reinforces A, but then receives a new event from B, it will reinforce path through B
If path through B is better, negatively reinforce path through A
Two mechanisms
Time out all data gradients in the network unless they are explicitly reinforced
Sink periodically reinforces B, stop reinforcing A
Explicitly degrade the path through A by sending a negative reinforcement(interest with lower data rate)
When A receives this, it degrades its gradients toward the sink
Cost: decreased resource utilization
negatively reinforce which neighbor?
From which no new events have been received within a window of N evets or time T

14. Self Organization Zero knowledge of identity or topology
Each node knows its own identity
The base directly connected to the host PC
Base, periodically broadcast out its identity and that it is connected to the PC.
Devices at one-hop distance receive the info and use to update routing information
Rebroadcast a new routing update to everyone that there is a path to the sink through them.
In order to prevent cycles, time is divided into eras and route updates are broadcast once per era.

15. Tiny Diffusion Tiny Diffusion Application Programmer’s Interface(API)
Tiny Diffusion is based on the concept of data-centric or subject-based routing as is the SCADDS data diffusion implementation.
Provide an interface to access sensor data by naming attributes.

16. Tiny Diffusion