1. BIOMASS AND HYDROELECTRIC
Even More ENERGY
BIOMASS AND HYDROELECTRIC

2. BIOMASS- mass of recently dead or living organic matter (unlike fossil fuels which are the products of ancient photosynthesis)
EXAMPLES: wood, charcoal, manure, crop residues (such as corn stalks), forestry residues (waste from logging), processing wastes (liquids & solids from sawmills, etc.) components of municipal solid waste

3. Challenges in the U.S.

4. Biomass used as percentage of total energy by country.
Statistics from the UN 1994.
Nepal 92
Laos 90
Cambodia
Bangladesh 53
U.S. 4
Mostly used in undeveloped countries and rural areas.
Do you see a trend?

5. biofuels PROS & CONS? Ethanol - from fermented crops such as corn
Added to gasoline reduces car emissions
Automakers are producing vehicles to use more ethanol & less gasoline
Biodiesel - from vegetable oil used in cooking or animal fat. Used in vehicles with diesel engines. Reduces emissions compared to petro-diesel.
PROS & CONS?

6. than petroleum-based diesel.
Biodiesel emits less
Carbon Monoxide
Particulate Matter
Total Hydrocarbons
Sulfates
Nitrogen oxides
than petroleum-based diesel.

7. Combustion of biomass releases CO2 that was recently in air rather than carbon that was stored underground for millions of years.
RENEWABLE ENERGY

8. HYDROELECTRIC POWER Largest dam. Completed in 2003.
Displaced over 1 million people. Farmland, archaeology and habitat were submerged.

9. Moving water used to turn turbine . . . see notes from coal.
Look Familiar?
Moving water used to turn turbine see notes from coal.

10. Dams store immense amounts of water.
98% of U.S. rivers are dammed, but not all are hydroelectric
Some dams built to prevent flooding on agricultural lands

11. NATION CONSUMED Top Consumers of Hydroelectric Power CANADA 76.4 57.5
% OF GENERATED ELECTRICITY
CANADA
76.4
57.5
CHINA
74.2
14.9
BRAZIL
72.4
83.8
UNITED STATES
59.8
7.5
RUSSIA
40.0
17.2
NORWAY
24.7
98.9

12. HYDROELECTRIC POWER PROS
Renewable (if water is not overdrawn from river)
Clean - no greenhouse gas emissions
Creates new habitats for some fish
Provide recreation areas
Flood control
Municipal water supply

13. CONS Riverbed deepening due to erosion
Flooding upstream
Temperature changes alter habitat & oxygen levels
Blocks fish migration such as salmon
Riparian vegetation (provides nesting sites, prevents soil erosion and food sources) are replaced by barren areas
Traps sediments needed to maintain habitats downstream
Riverbed deepening due to erosion
Lack of flooding allows crop lands to be deplenished in nutrients

14. A FEW EXTINCT IN THE WILD AFTER DAMS
KIHANSI SPRAY TOADS, TANZANIA
BAIJI DOLPHIN, CHINA
COHO SALMON, U.S.
A FEW ENDANGERED AFTER DAMS
Several species of salmon
Indus River dolphin