1. Nationalism
OLD Textbook

2. What was the most powerful ideal in Europe in the 1800s
What was the most powerful ideal in Europe in the 1800s? How did it lead to efforts to build nations states? Please explain.
Nationalism!
Nationalists were loyal to their people, not monarchs, & believed that people of a single “nationality” should unite under a single government.
People would then identify with their government to create nation-states.

3. What three empires were a mixture of many ethnic groups
What three empires were a mixture of many ethnic groups? What threatened their power?
Austro-Hungarian, Hapsburgs Empire & Russian Empire were all a “jumble” of ethnic groups.
Nationalistic ideas in the 19th century eventually toppled these empires.

4. What did Emperor Francis Joseph do in response to Hungarian pressure
What did Emperor Francis Joseph do in response to Hungarian pressure? What resulted?
He split his Austro-Hungarian Empire in half, declaring Austria and Hungary independent states (w/himself as ruler of both)
Nationalist disputes still plagued the empire until it crumbled after WWI.

7. What Romanov policy aided in the decline of the Russian Empire? Why?
Policy of Russification (imposing Russian culture on all ethnic groups of the empire) aided in the rise of nationalistic feelings throughout the empire & helped to disunify Russia.
The Romanov ruling family was severely weakened and eventually abdicated during WWI when a communist revolution occurred in Russia.

9. The Ottoman Empire finally broke apart after WWI.
Why did Ottoman rulers attempt to grant citizenship to all throughout their empire? When did their empire break up?
Due to pressures from the British and French, the Ottoman’s granted equal citizenship to all members of their empire.
This angered conservative Turks (who were the ruling group of the empire)
The Ottoman Empire finally broke apart after WWI.

11. Who was Giuseppe Mazzini and how did he assist in the unification of Italy?
Mazzini was the leader of an Italian nationalist group called Young Italy.
He briefly headed a republican government at Rome, before being driven out by former rulers.

14. Where was Cavour from? What were his goals and how did he achieve them?
Cavour was from Sardinia.
His goals were to get control of northern Italy for Sardinia and later to also control southern Italy.
He achieved them by forming alliances with France (to defeat the Austrians in the north) and nationalist rebels in the south (to defeat the Spanish Bourbon rulers).

15. Garibaldi was from southern Italy (although born in Nice, France)
What part of Italy was Garibaldi from? What was his army called? Who attempted to employ him in America?
Garibaldi was from southern Italy (although born in Nice, France)
His army became known as the “Red Shirts”.
Abraham Lincoln attempted to employ him as a Union commander in the American Civil War.

17. Who were the Junkers. Please discuss what realpolitik refers to
Who were the Junkers? Please discuss what realpolitik refers to? Who used it?
The Junkers were members of Prussia’s wealthy landowning class who opposed liberal reforms/ideas. Kaiser Wilhelm I chose a Junker, named Otto von Bismarck as his prime minister.
Realpolitik means “politics of reality” w/no room for idealism. It was used by Bismarck & led him to become one of Germany’s most influential historic figures

19. What were the results of the Seven Weeks War?
The Prussians quickly defeated the Austrians
Austrians had to accept Prussian dominance over Austria
Austria lost land to Italy and Prussia

20. This war was called the Franco-Prussian War
Why did France declare war on Prussia in July of 1870? What was this war called?
France declared war on Prussia due to Bismarck’s publishing of an altered telegram message that made it seem as if Wilhelm I insulted the French
This war was called the Franco-Prussian War
Prussians stomped the French
Victory solidified the unification of Germany

22. By the early 1870s was Europe in a “balance of power?” Please explain.
No, by 1870 it was clear the Germany and Britain were the most powerful European states, both economically and militarily.
Austria, Russia and Italy lagged far behind
France struggled along in the middle

23. Identify the meaning of “blood and iron.”
Blood refers to expanding German power and influence through warfare
Seven weeks war & Franco-Prussian war
Iron refers to strengthening the German economy by rapidly industrializing