1. Post Test Evaluation Review
Semester 2
Post Test Evaluation
Review

2. Selectively Permeable
Plasma membrane
Lets some molecule in and out of the cell
Does not allow others in and out (waste)

3. Concentration inside/outside cell
The solute concentration outside the cell is high
Thus water wants to move out to balance the environment.

4. WITH vs. AGAINST WITH (goes from high to low)
Passive Transport
No energy
Osmosis, Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion
Against (goes from low to high)
Active Transport
Energy is Required
Pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis

5. Facilitated diffusion vs. Active Transport
Both use proteins
Facilitated diffusion – move WITH the concentration gradient
Active Transport – moves AGAINST the concentration gradient

6. Solutions

7. Changing an Isotonic solution
Lets say we add salt to an isotonic solution
It becomes a hypertonic solution
Meaning higher concentration outside the cell
Water will move out of cell
Cell will shrink/shrivel up

8. Exocytosis Exo – means exiting
Exocytosis move LARGE substances out of the cell that cannot get through the plasma membrane
Hormones are large

9. Photosynthesis
Converts LIGHT energy to CHEMICAL energy

10. Converting ATP to ADP – releases energy
During Cellular Respiration
Step 1 is adding a phosphate (storing energy)
Step 2 is subtracting a phosphate (releasing energy)

11. Metabolic Pathway
A – Animals give off CO2 and H2O during Cellular Respiration
B – Plants give of H2O, O, glucose during Photosynthesis

12. Energy
The ability to do work!

13. Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs
Autotrophs – makes their own food
Plants
Heterotrophs – obtain food from other sources.
Animal, worms, mushrooms (they look like plants but they actually absorb nutrients from around them, they do not go through photosynthesis)

14. Glycolysis Anaerobic – does not need oxygen
Breaks down glucose into 3 pyruvate molecules

15. Energy is produced
Energy is being produced in Figure B
ATP to ADP

16. 2nd law of Thermodynamics
During Photosynthesis HEAT is given off
This follows the 2nd law of thermodynamics

17. Metabolic Processes Anabolic Catabolic Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration (c)

18. Alternative Pathway
CAM
Cactus C4
Other plants

19. Alcohol Fermentation
Takes place in yeast and some bacteria

20. Balanced Equations
Photosynthesis

21. Ratio of Surface Area to Volume
What limits cell size?
Ratio of Surface Area to Volume

22. Cancer Cells
Unrestricted/Unlimited GROWTH

23. Binary Fission
Two Identical Cells are produced

24. Healthy/Efficient Cells
Are SMALLER
Because they do not have to transfer and diffuse materials over a large area.
Communication is also easier

25. Spindle Fibers A is pointing to the spindle fibers
The cells is in Metaphase of Mitosis

26. Mitosis - Interphase
Cell carries on metabolism and normal cell functions
Cell DNA replicates

27. Goal of Mitosis
A newly formed cell in Mitosis has equal number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Replace damaged cells

28. Cell Cycle
Cell duplicates its DNA during (S) the synthesis phase of the Cell cycle
Also called DNA synthesis

29. Homologous Chromosomes
They line up on the equator of the cell during Metaphase 1
Only seen in Meiosis 1 up until anaphase when they get pulled apart.

30. Allele Is a form of a gene A is one allele a is another allele
Together they make up Aa
Brown is one allele
Blond is another allele
Together the Dominant would be seen (brown)

31. Mitosis vs. Meiosis What is formed?
Mitosis – 2 identical body cells with
Meiosis – 4 different gametes

32. Gregor Mendel
He tested and hypothesized the offspring of pea plants inherited their traits.

33. Genotype AA – homozygous Dominant aa – homozygous Recessive
Aa - Heterozygous

34. Simple punnett square
In Squirles, brown fur is dominant to silver fur. If a (HO) brown is mated with a silver and 8 offspring are produced how many would be expected to be silver?
(HO) brown – BB
Silver – bb
If you crossed them all would be Bb – Brown
So all 8 would be brown!

35. Haploid vs. Diploid Haploid – half the number of chromosomes
Gametes
Produced through Meiosis
Diploid – normal number of chromosomes 2n
Body Cells
Produced through Mitosis

36. Forming a Zygote
A – Meiosis
B - Fertilizations

37. Application of Punnett Square
In flower, purple(R) is dominant to white(r). A homozygous purple flower is crossed with a white flower. All of the flowers in the F1 generation were kept together as a group for several years. They were allowed to self-pollinate only within their own group. What is the expected phenotype of the F2 flowers?
P: RR x rr
F1: Rr (so we cross Rr x Rr)
F2: 75% purple (RR, Rr, Rr) & 25% white (rr)

38. Crossing Over
Happens during Prophase 1 of Meiosis

39. Application of punnett square
What is the probability that you will get:
MMXX, MmXX, MmXx, MMXx – 56.25%
MMxx, Mmxx – 18.75%
mmXX, mmXx – 18.75%
mmxx – 6.25%

40. When does a cell become haploid during Meiosis?
Anaphase 1
When homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite sides of the cell.

41. Anaphase 1 vs. Anaphase 2 Anaphase 1 – homologous pairs are separated
Anaphase 2 – sister chromatids are separated

42. Typical human chromosome numer
Body cell – 46 chromosome
Gamete (egg or sperm cell) – 23 chromosomes

43. True – breeding Crosses
A true-breeding tall pea plant is crossed with a true-breeding short pea plant, and all the offspring are tall. What is the most likely genotype of the offspring assuming a single-gene trait?
True – breeding means homozygous
P: TT x tt
F1: Tt