1. What is gene therapy?
The process of identifying disease genes and replacing them with working genes.
NOT IN THE HANDBOOK!

2. How does Gene Therapy Work?
If a person’s gene is defective (has a mutation) or is missing, then a problem results.
To fix this problem, if scientists can identify the gene (using information from the Human Genome Project), then they can inject a copy of the working gene into the patient using a virus.
The viruses infect cells and inject the gene.
Now the person has good copies of the gene and will start producing working proteins (hormones, enzymes, etc).

4. Viruses - A tool for gene therapy.
Non-living things with genes inside.
They inject DNA into a cell.
The virus serves as a vector. A vector is a vehicle for moving genes.

5. Gene Therapy Reading
READ “Healing Through Gene Therapy” and highlight key terms.
Answer the questions
SCAN the Gene Therapy QR code
Watch the short video and answer the questions.

6. The Human Genome Project
DVD: “DNA: the secret of life” chapter 7
Animation from Teachers Domain

7. How do we know where human genes are located on chromosomes?
The Human Genome Project (HGP) is a collaborative effort among scientists around the world to map the genes of a human.
P. 90

8. How do we know where human genes are located on chromosomes?
The purpose of the HGP was to identify the location and sequence of genes on chromosomes to better understand genetics.

9. How do we know where human genes are located on chromosomes?
A primary application of the Human Genome Project is to determine whether individuals may carry genes for genetic conditions such as sickle cell anemia.
Once scientists determine the location and DNA sequence of the defective gene, they may be able to develop gene therapy or genetically-based medicines to correct the condition.

10. The Human Genome Project raises serious bioethical questions.
The HGP has allowed for the development of genetic screening.
For example, an individual can be tested for the presence of a gene that may contribute to breast cancer.

11. The Human Genome Project raises serious bioethical questions.
Should the patient be notified of the presence of this gene, even though the presence of the gene does not guarantee breast cancer and may change the way they live their life?
Should insurance companies be able to require genetic testing before they will insure people?

12. The Human Genome Project raises serious bioethical questions.
The HGP has identified the location of genes.
Research is now focusing on the function of those genes - including those controlling physical traits.
Should humans be able to use the results of the HGP to create “designer babies”?
Designer Baby

13. The Human Genome Project raises serious bioethical questions.
The HGP has allowed scientists to determine DNA sequences of genes important to medicine.
Should pharmaceutical companies be allowed to patent gene sequences for use only within their company?

14. Are stem cells the next “big thing” in genetic research?
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that continually reproduce themselves.
These cells have the ability to differentiate into one or more types of specialized cells.
Scientists hope to learn to control that differentiation.
Stem Cell Basics

15. Multipotent Stem Cells
Embryonic Stem Cells
Can become ANY cell of the body; come from embryos
Can become a variety of different cells
Multipotent Stem Cells

16. There are two basic types of stem cells:
Embryonic stem cells are cells found in an embryo that have not yet differentiated into various cell types.
These cells are taken from eggs that are fertilized in vitro then donated for research.

17. There are two basic types of stem cells:
Adult stem cells (sometimes called somatic stem cells) are found in the organs and tissues of an organism that can renew itself.
These cells can differentiate to yield some or all of the major cell types of that tissue or organ.
These are more limited than embryonic stem cells.

18. Are stem cells the next “big thing” in genetic research?
Stem cell research, though very controversial, is a very active area of research.
Scientists have recently demonstrated that stem cells, both embryonic and adult, differentiate into one or more types of cells in a lab.

19. Embryonic (pluripotent)
Stem Cells
These are the controversial ones because it requires the sacrifice of a human embryo to develop these stem cells.

20. There are several potential applications of stem cells
Learning how to control cell differentiation to treat cancer.

21. There are several potential applications of stem cells
Using stem cells to test new drugs on may cell types by creating those cell types in a lab with stem cells.

22. There are several potential applications of stem cells
Stem cells, directed to differentiate into specific cell types, may allow a source of replacement cells to treat diseases like Alzheimer’s, spinal cord injuries, stroke, and diabetes.

23. Making a new Heart?!
Stem Cells- New Heart

24. Stem Cells Ted Talks- Stem Cells (15 Min) Nova Stem Cells- Ethics
Nova Stem Cell Breakthrough- Making Stem Cells

25. Are stem cells the next “big thing” in genetic research?
Ethical concerns about stem cell research center around the source of the stem cells.
A significant number of people believe removing cells from an embryo, whether or not the embryo formed in a lab, is destroying human life.

26. Are stem cells the next “big thing” in genetic research?
This raises an ethical question about when life begins, and whether it is ethical to sacrifice that life (if it has begun) to potentially save another life via research or cell-based therapies.

27. Stem Cell Lab Complete each part with your partner/small group.
Read carefully.
Answer ALL questions.
DO NOT WRITE ON THE LAB DIRECTION SHEET.
Write ONLY on the STUDENT RECORD Sheet

28. Part I: Background
Answer questions 1-7 based on the background reading and your notes.

29. Part 2: Picture Sort
Sort the gray cards into the correct sequence for creating a stem cell culture.
Write the sequence on your STUDENT RECORD SHEET.

30. Use the correct pippette with each sample. READ THE LABLES!!!
In Part 3: Make sure you have completed the tables before testing the samples. Refer to the color chart!
Use the correct pippette with each sample. READ THE LABLES!!!

31. Finish all the questions in the lab
Finish all the questions in the lab. Write your answers in complete sentences to earn the maximum points.

32. Stem Cells: Seeds of Hope
What does Dr Snyder mean when he says stem cells are "flexible and plastic?"
In this video what evidence convinces you that stem cells can be used to cure spinal cord injury?
Dr Snyder points out that there are ethical concerns, and that there is no single answer that will please everyone. Who do you think should be the ones to decide where to obtain stem cells for medical research?

33. Cloning…what is it?
Let’s view a video to get some details

34. What does cloning PRODUCE?
What is Cloning?
Making an exact copy of an organism.
What does cloning PRODUCE?
A new organism identical to the parent organism.

35. What are the STEPS to create a CLONE?
An egg is taken from a donor cell and the nucleus is removed.
The egg cell is fused with cell from another adult.
When they fuse, the cell begins to divide.
The single cell divides until an embryo forms and is then put into a female surrogate.
The embryo develops into an offspring that is genetically identical to the donor nucleus.

36. What are the BENEFITS of cloning?
Endangered species recovery
Produce organisms with medical benefits (like creating donor organs)
Creating tissues for transplants and cures for diseases

37. What is the main CONCERN of cloning?
Fear of cloning humans. (is it ethical?)
“Playing God” (just because we can, should we?)

38. Who is DOLLY? What happened to her?
Dolly is (was) a sheep and was the first cloned mammal.
Dolly suffered from many health issues and died at an early age.

41. Human Cloning
Video

42. Fill It In … What is the Human Genome Project?
Name two uses of the Human Genome Project.
What is a stem cell?
What are the two types of stem cells?

43. Fill It In …
What is the Human Genome Project? A COLLABORATIVE EFFORT AMONG SCIENTISTS TO MAP THE GENES OF A HUMAN
Name two uses of the Human Genome Project.
What is a stem cell?
What are the two types of stem cells?

44. Fill It In …
What is the Human Genome Project? A COLLABORATIVE EFFORT AMONG SCIENTISTS TO MAP THE GENES OF A HUMAN
Name two uses of the Human Genome Project. GENETIC SCREENING & RESEARCH
What is a stem cell?
What are the two types of stem cells?

45. Fill It In …
What is the Human Genome Project? A COLLABORATIVE EFFORT AMONG SCIENTISTS TO MAP THE GENES OF A HUMAN
Name two uses of the Human Genome Project. GENETIC SCREENING & RESEARCH
What is a stem cell? UNSPECIALIZED CELL THAT CONTINUOUSLY REPRODUCES ITSELF
What are the two types of stem cells?

46. Fill It In …
What is the Human Genome Project? A COLLABORATIVE EFFORT AMONG SCIENTISTS TO MAP THE GENES OF A HUMAN
Name two uses of the Human Genome Project. GENETIC SCREENING & RESEARCH
What is a stem cell? UNSPECIALIZED CELL THAT CONTINUOUSLY REPRODUCES ITSELF
What are the two types of stem cells?
EMBRYONIC & ADULT