1. Introduction to Linguistics
Week 11
November 15, 2018
intro2ling/ssn/2007

2. Linguistics & Interdisciplinary Studies
Pragmatics
November 15, 2018
intro2ling/ssn/2007

3. Interdisciplinary studies in linguistics
Neurolinguistics: Neurolinguistics is the study of the brain and how it functions in the production, preception and acquistion of language.
Historical Linguistics: Historical linguistics is the study of language change and the relationships of languages to each other.
Anthropological Linguistics: Anthropological linguistics is the study of language and culture and how they interact.
Psycholinguistics: Studies language as a process. Psycholinguistics is a relatively new branch of linguistics, an outcome of two-field convergence -- philology and psychology.
Pragmatics: Pragmatics studies meaning in context.
November 15, 2018
intro2ling/ssn/2007

4. Studies meaning in context
PRAGMATICS
Studies meaning in context
the study of the use of
language in communication particularly,
the relationships between sentences and contexts and situations in which they are used
November 15, 2018
intro2ling/ssn/2007

5. Review… Semantics → things are true by the DEFINITIONS and RULES
Pragmatics → things are true by virtue of the REAL WORLD
November 15, 2018
intro2ling/ssn/2007

6. Pragmatics includes..
How the interpretation and use of utterances depends on knowledge of the real world
How speakers use and understand speech acts
How the structure of sentences is influenced by the relationship between the speaker and the hearer
November 15, 2018
intro2ling/ssn/2007

7. Sentences vs. utterances
Sentences  do not depend on time+place
Utterances  depend on time+place
E.g: ‘Aku’ by Chairil Anwar (1945)
Aku bila sudah tiba waktuku
Tak Seorangpun yang merayu
Tidak juga kamu
………………….
November 15, 2018
intro2ling/ssn/2007

8. Utterances Utterances have two menings:
Propositional meaning (locutionary meaning)
the basic literal meaning of the utterance which is conveyed by a particular words and structures which the utterance contains
Illocutionary meaning ( illocutionary force)
the effect of the utterance or written text has on the reader or listener
November 15, 2018
intro2ling/ssn/2007

9. Speech Acts An utterance as a functional unit in communiction (Austin)
Locutionary act  the saying of something which is meaningful and can be understood
Illocutionary act using a sentence to perform a function
Perlocutionary act  the effects that are produced by means of saying something
November 15, 2018
intro2ling/ssn/2007

10. “Can you close the door?”
Speech acts
e.g:
“Can you close the door?”
Locutionary act :..
Illocutionary act :..
Perlocutioary act:..
Perlocutionary act  verbal and nonverbal
November 15, 2018
intro2ling/ssn/2007

11. The Cooperative Principle of Grice
Maxim of Quantity
Maxim of Quality
Maxim of Relation
Maxim of Manner
November 15, 2018
intro2ling/ssn/2007

12. Maxims of quantity Give the right amount of information
Make your information as informative as is required
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required
E.g:
A: Are you Susan?
B: Yes, I’m Susana Widyastuti. I live in Jogja and I like cooking. I am a lecturer anyway. …….
November 15, 2018
intro2ling/ssn/2007

13. Maxim of quality Try to make your contribution one that is true
Do not say what you believe to be false
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence
E.g:
A: You are Susan, aren’t you?
B: No, I am not, sorry
November 15, 2018
intro2ling/ssn/2007

14. Maxim of manner Be perspicuous Avoid obscurity of expressions
Avoid ambiguity
Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity)
Be orderly
E.g: Javanese conversation??
November 15, 2018
intro2ling/ssn/2007

15. Maxim of relation Be relevant E.g: A : Do you have some sugar?
B : Last year
November 15, 2018
intro2ling/ssn/2007

16. The hinting strategy and anticipatory illocutions
Maxim of Relation
The hinting strategy and anticipatory illocutions
November 15, 2018
intro2ling/ssn/2007