1. Organic Molecules
Chapter 2-3

2. Chemistry of Carbon Carbon forms a variety of different molecules
It has 4 valence electrons and can branch in 4 different directions
It can form long chains with itself
Can be single, double or even triple bonds

3. Macromolecules
Many of the molecules in living cells are so large the are called macromolecules
Meaning giant molecules
DNA shown here is an
example of a macromolecule

4. Macromolecules Are formed during a process called polymerization
When large molecules are built by joining smaller ones together
polymerization
Monomer – smaller units Polymer- constructed of many
smaller units

5. Macromolecules
There are millions of organic molecules formed as the result of carbons versatility as well as polymerization.
There are four groups that all these compounds fall into
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins

6. Carbohydrates
Organic molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
Glucose chemical formula
C6H12O6
Simplified structure
Structural Formula of Glucose

7. Carbohydrates
Living things use carbohydrates for their main source of energy. Cellular respiration uses glucose
Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for “structure” in the form of cellulose

8. Carbohydrates Monosaccharides (C6H12O6) – Simple sugars (monomers)
Glucose
Blood sugar – Produced during photosynthesis. Used as chemical energy in cellular respiration
Fructose
Fruit sugar – very sweet
Galactose
Used in making lactose which is sugar found in mammal milk

9. Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides – very large polymers made up of many monosaccharides. Complex Sugars
Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose

10. Carbohydrates Polysaccharides Glycogen
Found in animals and used for long term storage of energy
Stored in muscles and liver
Excess glucose is stored in this form

11. Carbohydrates Polysaccharides
Starch – long term storage of glucose in plants.
Fig 2.13

12. Carbohydrates Polysaccharides
Cellulose – polysaccharide found in plants. Used for structure and found in plant cell walls. Fiber in our diets.

13. Proteins
Large macromolecules made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen
Protein (aka polypeptides) are made up of basic building blocks (monomers) called amino acids
Radical Group
Carboxyl Group
Amino Group
Central Carbon

14. Protein
There are 20 of these monomers in the “protein world” allowing proteins to serve many different function.
R group makes each amino acid different

15. Protein Functions Protein Functions Structural – hair, tendons, muscle
Enzymes – carry out important chemical reaction in your cells
Antibodies – Form a defense against foreign invaders
Storage – proteins are often stored in seeds and eggs for developing embryos (think egg white)
Signal – Allows cells to communicate (insulin)
Transport – Hemoglobin on RBC carry oxygen

16. Protein Structure
How is function decided? Shape or Structure of Protein
Four levels that determine final structure
Primary Structure – the sequence of the amino acid chain (polypeptide)
Formed during dehydration reactions
Amino acid Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid
Polypeptide Chain

17. Protein Structure
Secondary Structure – Chain will fold due to interactions of amino group and carboxyl groups – hydrogen bonds

18. Protein Structure
Tertiary Structure – Final 3-D shape taken on by continued folding

19. Protein Structure
Quaternary Structure – 2 or more polypeptides put together. Very complex level that not all proteins have.

20. Protein Structure Analogy

21. Protein – Why Shape Matters
Sickle Shaped Blood Cells

22. Nucleic Acids Building Block (monomer) = Nucleotides
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

23. Nucleic Acids Polymerization results in polymer - DNA Base Pair Rule
Adenine – Thymine
Guanine – Cytosine

24. Nucleic Acids Functions Carry and transmit genetic information How?
Sequence of nitrogen bases are called genes
Order of nitrogen bases (A,T,G,C) direct the placement of amino acids in the formation of proteins.

25. Nucleic Acids Two types RNA – Ribonucleic acid
Sugar is ribose
Contains nitrogen base Uracil
rather than Thymine
Single Stranded
DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid
Sugar is deoxyribose
Double stranded

27. Nucleic Acids DNA vs. RNA DNA contains genes and is master plan.
Passed from parent to offspring
RNA is “blue print” from master plan
Messenger in the process of protein formation
video

28. Lipids
Building Blocks for fats – 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol (triglyceride)

29. Lipids
Large group of variable molecules that are not soluble in water.
Fats – Most efficient way of storing energy. 9 calories/gram (carbohydrates 4 cal/gram)
Phospholipids – make up cell membranes surrounding cells
Waxes – water proof coverings and things like leaves and insects

30. Lipids Fats can be saturated or unsaturated
Saturated – full of hydrogen on fatty acid chains
Unsaturated – double bonds on fatty acid chains mean less hydrogen

31. Lipids

32. Lipids
Phospholipids – partially like water, partially don’t like water. Hydrophobic vs. Hydophilic

33. Lipids
Cell membrane