1. Lysine at 249 displaces 8-oxoGua from C1’ (arrow)

2. HUMAN MITOCHONDRDIAL URACIL GLYCOSYLASE (UDG), WITH GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE HYDROLYZED

3. human alkyladenine glycosylase (AAG)
complex with DNA modified by tricyclic base 1,N6-Ade

5. Holliday junction

7. Eukaryotic homologues to RecA are characterized in yeast: DMC1 and RAD51
BACTERIAL REPAIR BY RECOMBINATION

10. Error-prone bypass of highly distorting or non-instructional lesions
UmuC/D
E. coli UmuC/D (pol V)
pol 
Error-prone extension of DNA from mispair opposite damage
pol-η
Error-prone bypass of highly distorting or non-instructional lesions
pol-

11. pol η complexed to cisplatin N7-cross linked GG: 3′ elongation step

12. pol η complexed to cisplatin N7-cross linked GG: 5′ elongation step

15. HO--CH(NH2)COOH Tyr
HO-CH2-CH(NH2)COOH Ser
HO-CH(CH3)-CH(NH2)COOH Thr

17. EGF = epidermal growth factor
MEK = mitogen activated protein kinase/extracellular signal regulated kinase
ERK = extracellular regulated kinase

20. active form of Ras, bound to GTP analogue
inactive form of Ras, bound to GDP
loop 7
loop 2
loop 1
-CH2- replaces –O-
effector binding loop 4

22. WT Ras
Gly12Val mutant Ras

23. Ras WT
Ras G12V
= Mg
= H2O
Ras G12P

24. WT Ras, with Gln 61 highlighted

25. Role of Gln 61 in GTPase activity of RAS

26. KINASE ACTIVITY OF V599E B-Raf
BAY
P-loop
P-loop
Phe467
Phe467
Glu599
Val599
(kinase domain – green)
WT B-Raf
V599E B-Raf