1. 5.1 How was the transition from apartheid to democracy managed

2. : SA
changed fundamentally:
1990: NP in power; blacks had no vote; ANC banned; leaders in exile or jail
1994: SA a democracy with liberal constitution; ANC won first election

3. Secret negotiations
1985: Gavin Relly (AA) met with Oliver Tambo in Lusaka 1987: Van Zyl Slabbert (PFP) , met with ANC in Dakar

4. Negotiations with Mandela
1982: Mandela moved from Robben Island to mainland
1985: secret talks with Mandela
Offers for release rejected
1988: Moved to house on grounds of Victor Verster
1989: Meetings with P.W. Botha and de Klerk
Rivonia trialists released

5. Mandela under house arrest at Victor Verster

6. Start of reforms 2 February 1990: opening of parliament
De Klerk announced:
- unbanning of ANC, PAC, SACP
- release of political prisoners without conditions
- easing of restrictions, banning orders and censorship
- suspension of death penalty
- negotiations around a new constitution

7. Mandela’s release

8. Other prisoners 50 from Robben Island in Feb., March 1990
Those who committed crimes not released
Hunger strike, negotiations halted
By prisoners released

9. Obstacles to negotiations

10. 1. ANC
banned for 30 years
needed to build up structures in SA
differences in opinion of ANC leaders
possible clashes between returning exiles and leaders in SA
expectations of millions impatient for change

11. 2. NP
losing support to Conservative Party and AWB
members of security forces suspected of right-wing sympathies
some NP-leaders wanted to retain power in alliance with Inkatha

12. 3. Other obstacles poverty and unemployment in townships
violent clashes between ANC and Inkatha (Natal)
suspicions of “third force” involvement of police in promoting violence in townships between migrant workers and township residents

13. 1990: ANC and NP met to discuss preliminary issues:
First round talks in April 1990 called off by ANC
Sebokeng kilings
Concessions had to be made by government:
Goldstone commission
Troops to Natal
Indemnity

14. 5.2 The start of negotiations

15. The Groote Schuur Minute: talks about talks
May 1990: First talks held at Groote Schuur in Cape Town
Discussed obstacles to negotiation
Groote Schuur Minute announced agreement on most issues and commitment to continue talks

16. 1990: ANC and NP met to discuss preliminary issues:
security legislation
troops in townships
state of emergency
the ongoing violence
position of the homelands
political prisoners
return of exiles
continuation of armed struggle
economic sanctions

17. The Pretoria Minute August 1990: Pretoria minute
- ANC agree to give up the armed struggle
- NP lifted State of Emergency
Agreement failed to stop violence
- battles between IFP and ANC (Natal)
- Third force (townships)
Evidence showed secret funding of IFP by government
Intentions of government questioned
Tensions and suspicions grew, peace seemed unattainable

18. Suspension of the armed struggle

19. Different opinions about new constitution:
ANC wanted majority rule; constitution to be drawn up by democratically-elected constituent assembly
Government wanted form of power-sharing to protect white interests and role of NP; concerned about rights of minorities

20. CODESA Talks at Convention for a Democratic South Africa
(CODESA) - multi-party
conference representing
19 parties agreed that:
Interim constitution to be drafted by multi-party conference
Final constitution to be drafted by first elected parliament

21. DECLARATION OF INTENT
to bring about an undivided South Africa with one nation sharing a common citizenship, patriotism and loyalty, pursuing amidst our diversity, freedom, equality and security for all irrespective of race, colour, sex or creed; a country free from apartheid or any other form of discrimination or domination;

22. Working groups elected
Principles of new constitution
Interim government (to rule until elections)
Future of homelands
Timeline for changes

23. CODESA But CODESA talks broke down:
ANC accused government of stirring up violence in Natal
ANC called for campaign of mass action to put pressure on government – peaceful solution seemed unlikely

24. Labour Movement in negotiations
Tripartite Alliance (ANC, SACP, COSATU)
COSATU members played leading role (e.g. Cyril Ramaphosa)
1992: COSATU pressurised government through campaign of “rolling mass action”
COSATU suggestions: proportional representation, presidency of 2 terms
Issues of concern: poverty, housing, working conditions (RDP drafted by TA)

25. Tripartite Alliance