1. A Journey of Inequality
Apartheid
A Journey of Inequality

2. Photo Analysis Directions
In your groups, you have two photos to analyze. The photos are in your packets.
Using a marker, divide your picture into four quadrants to help you focus on all the details more effectively.
Working as a group, answer the photo analysis questions on both of the pictures you have.
Choose one member of your group as the spokesperson to tell the class what your group has learned about Apartheid through these pictures.

3. Picture Analysis Questions
What is happening in the pictures?
What is the picture telling you is going on possibly?
From the two pictures tell a possible story that may be occurring or is on going.

4. Typical Homestead

5. Beach Picture

6. Typical Squatter’s Camp

7. Sharpeville Uprising

8. Rodden Island Prison

9. Man with Passbook

10. Checking Passbook

11. Soweto Uprising

12. Funeral and Protest

13. Separate Bathroom Facilities

14. Journal Entry
In complete sentences, summarize everything you think you now know about Apartheid in South Africa.
How do you think what you saw in these pictures compares with the Civil Rights movement in the United States?

15. The History of Apartheid
“I was made by the law, a criminal, not because of what I had done, but because of what I stood for, because of what I thought, because of my conscious. Can it be any wonder to anybody that such conditions make a man an outlaw of society?” Nelson Mandela
The History of Apartheid

16. Africa Post WWII

17. The Decline of the Colonial Powers

18. A Journey of Inequality
1651: Dutch settlers arrive in South Africa.
DUTCH:
NATIVES OR INHABITANTS OF THE NETHERLANDS
1756: Dutch settlers import slaves from West Africa, Malaysia, and India, establishing the dominance of whites over non-whites
BOERS:
THE DUTCH FARMERS IN SOUTH AFRICA
1700s: The Dutch farmers, known as Boers, seize land from the natives using shotguns. Natives are forced to work on Boer farms to survive.
1810s: British missionaries arrive and criticize the racist practices of the Boers, urging them to treat the Africans more fairly. The Boers refuse because they believe that they are the more superior race.
RACE:
OFTEN MISUNDERSTOOD AS A GROUP OF PEOPLE WITH DIFFERENT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. WE ARE ALL PART OF THE HUMAN RACE.
1867:Diamond mining begins in South Africa. Africans are the main labor force, are given the most dangerous jobs, and are kept in fenced barracks.
CONCENTRATION CAMPS:
A CAMP WHERE CIVILIANS, ENEMY ALIENS, POLITICAL PRISONERS, AND SOMETIMES PRISONERS OF WAR ARE FORCIBLY KEPT UNDER THE HARSHEST CONDITIONS.
: The Boer War is fought between the Boers and the British to see who would rule South Africa. The war was long and bloody. The British were cruel and established 31 concentration camps for Boer women and children and natives. Almost 40,000 people died in these camps.

19. Concentration Camps
“Every one of these children who died as a result of the halving of their rations, thereby exerting pressure onto their family still on the battlefield, was purposefully murdered. The system of half rations stands exposed and stark unashamefully as a cold-blooded deed of state policy employed with the purpose of ensuring the surrender of people whom we were not able to defeat on the battlefield.”
-WT Stead, British Journalist
“There were poisonous sulphate of copper, grounded glass, fishhooks, and razor blades in the rations.” –Sara Raal

20. A Journey of Inequality
1908-A constitutional convention is held to establish South African independence from Britain. The all-white government decides that non-whites can vote, but cannot hold office.
CIVIL:
RELATED TO THE CIVILIANS OF A COUNTRY
1910-The South Africa Act takes away all political rights of Africans in three of the country’s four states.
1912-The African National Congress is formed. The political party aims to organize Africans in the struggle for civil rights.
LITERATE:
ABLE TO READ AND WRITE
1913-The Land Act give 7.3% of the country’s land to Africans, who make up 80% of the population. Africans are allowed to be on white land only of they are working for whites
1920s-Blacks are fired from jobs which are given to whites.
1910s-1930s-Africans educated at missionary schools attempt to organize to resist white rule and gain political power. However, few of them are literate, communication is poor, and money is a problem.

21. Early Protests Against Inequality
Prominent leaders in South Africa protest the treatment of the blacks. Gandhi is the fourth from the left.

22. A Journey of Inequality
1939-Representation of Voters Act weakened the political rights for Africans and allows them to vote only for white representatives.
COUNTERPARTS:
PEOPLE ON THE SAME LEVEL, DOING THE SAME WORK
1946-African mine workers are paid twelve times less than their white counterparts. Over 75,000 Africans go on strike in support of higher wages. Over 1000 workers are injured or killed before police violence forces them to end the strike
1948-The Afrikaner Nationalist Party gains control of the government and passed the first of 317 Apartheid laws, separating whites from blacks.
APARTHEID:
A POLICY OF SEPARATENESS
1951-The African National Congress (ANC), a political organization for Africans, encourages peaceful resistance to Apartheid Laws. The government reacts by arresting more people.
AFRIKANER:
A EUROPEAN DESCENDANT OF THE DUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA
Multiple Apartheid laws are passed restricting the movement and rights of blacks and requiring pass books. From , over ten million Africans were arrested because their passes were not in order

23. Mine Workers in South Africa
Working conditions were terrible in the mines, with miners earning only a few dollars a day and being forced to be separate from their families for months or years at a time.

24. Africa Produced Many Newly-Independent Nations in a Very Short Time

25. British Colonies Were Some of the First to Seek Independence because
The were unhappy with colonial rule.
War left her weak and unable to afford colonies.
A New African educated middle class began to emerge in the cities to challenge Colonialism
Self-determination

26. Ghana: First African State to Gain Independence

27. A Journey of Inequality
1960-A large group of blacks in the town of Sharpeville refused to carry their passes. 69 people die and 187 are wounded. The African political organizations, the ANC and the Pan-African Congress, are banned.
THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS:
ADOPTED ON DECEMBER 10, 1948 BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE UNITED NATIONS AS GUIDELINES FOR HOW HUMAN BEINGS SHOULD BE TREATED ALL OVER THE WORLD
1962-The United Nations establishes the Special Committee Against Apartheid to support a political process of peaceful change, based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Nelson Mandela, head of the African National Congress is jailed for the third time. He expected the death penalty and so he gave a four hour long speech, saying what he thought would be his last words to the African community. He was sentenced to life in prison, first on Robben Island, doing intense labor. He then spent 27 years in Pollsmoor Prison, where he was placed in solitary confinement.
1970-Resistance to Apartheid increases. The all-black South African Students Organization, under the leadership of Stephen Biko, helps unify students through the Black Consciousness movement.

28. South Africa

31. Apartheid
The official policy of racial segregation formerly practiced in the Republic of South Africa, involving political, legal, and economic discrimination against nonwhites.

32. How it Worked
Under apartheid, people were legally classified into a racial group - the main ones being White, Black, Indian and Colored
They were geographically, and forcibly, separated from each other on the basis of the legal classification.
The Black majority, in particular, legally became citizens of particular "homelands“.

33. Homelands
Homelands were independent states to which each African was assigned by the government according to the record of origin (which was frequently inaccurate).
All political rights, including voting, held by an African were restricted to the designated homeland.
The idea was that they would be citizens of the homeland, losing their citizenship in South Africa and any right of involvement with the South African Parliament.
Africans living in the homelands needed passports to enter South Africa: aliens in their own country.

34. Apartheid’s Beginnings
Starting in 1948, the Nationalist Government in South Africa enacted laws to define and enforce segregation. With the enactment of apartheid laws in 1948, racial discrimination was institutionalized. Apartheid "maintained white power by denying political and economic liberty to black South Africans."[

35. Apartheid Laws
The Population Registration Act, 1950, required that every South African be classified into one of a number of racial "population groups.
The Reservation of Separate Amenities Act, 1953 allowed public premises, vehicles and services to be segregated by race, even if equal facilities were not made available to all races.

36. Apartheid Laws
The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1949 forbade marriages between white people and people of other races.
The Natives Land Act, 1913 limited land ownership by black people to 7% of the land area of South Africa.
The Group Areas Act, 1950 (re-enacted in 1957 and 1966) divided urban areas into "group areas" in which ownership and residence was restricted to certain population groups.

46. Who lives Where??

47. The Symbol of Apartheid The Passbook

48. The Passbook
A pass was issued only to a black person with approved work. Spouses and children had to be left behind in non-white areas. Many white households employed blacks as domestic workers, who were allowed to live on the premises— often in small rooms external to the family home.
A pass was issued for one magisterial district (usually one town) confining the holder to that area only.

49. The Passbook
Being without a valid pass made a person subject to immediate arrest and summary trial, often followed by deportation to the person's homeland. Police vans patrolled the "white" areas to round up the "illegal" blacks.

59. Nelson Mandela jailed for 20 years in his fight against Apartheid

60. Nelson Mandela in Prison
Nelson Mandela spent 27 years in solitary confinement in this cell.

61. A Journey of Inequality
1973-The United Nations passed a resolution condemning Apartheid.
AFRIKAANS:
A LANGUAGE ADAPTED FROM THE 17TH CENTURY DUTCH SETTLERS OF SOUTH AFRICA
1976-People in Soweto riot and demonstrate against discrimination and instruction in Afrikaans. The police react with gunfire, killing 575 and injuring and arresting thousands. Stephen Biko is beaten and left in jail to die from his injuries.
BOYCOTT:
TO ABSTAIN FROM BUYING OR USING
1980s-People and governments around the world launch an international campaign to boycott South Africa. Hundreds of thousands of Africans who are banned from white-controlled areas ignore the laws and pour into forbidden regions in search of work. Civil disobedience and other protests increase.
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE:
THE REFUSAL TO OBEY CERTAIN LAWS FOR THE PURPOSE OF INLUENCING GOVERNMENTAL POLICY
Mid 1980s-The United Democratic Front was formed in South Africa, which was led by Archbishop Desmond Tutu and Reverend Allen Boasek. The organization helped spread the word worldwide about the problem of Apartheid.

62. United Democratic Front
This organization helped get the word out to the world about apartheid.

63. A Journey of Inequality
Late 1980s-International pressure forces South Africa to end Apartheid. As a result, some of the segregationist laws are repealed, such as the ones separating whites and non-whites in public places.
SEGRAGATIONIST:
ONE WHO BELIEVES THAT RACES SHOULD BE KEPT APART
REPEALED:
TO TAKE BACK OR RECALL
South African President F.W. de Klerk repeals the rest of the Apartheid laws and calls for a new constitution. A multiracial transitional government is approved. Nelson Mandela is elected president in 1994.

64. Nelson Mandela Lived to vote in the first racially democratic election
1994

65. A New Government
Nelson Mandela casts the first vote for the new government of South Africa.

66. And Become President of South Africa
South African President Nelson Mandela, center, flanked by his two deputy presidents, Thabo Mbeki, left and F.W. de Klerk, right, celebrate the new constitution, May 8, (AP/WWP Photo Leon Muller)

67. Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize 1993 was awarded jointly to Nelson Mandela and Frederik Willem de Klerk "for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa"

68. Quiz on Apartheid Timeline
Give the year that Apartheid began.
How many concentration camps did the British establish and who did they put in them?
Tell me two things you now know about Archbishop Desmond Tutu.
When did the United Nations establish the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
When did the United Nations make the statement that Apartheid was bad?
EXTRA CREDIT: How many years was Nelson Mandela president?

69. Journal Entry #2
On the following slide, you will see a list of Grand Apartheid Laws. After reading through them, choose the one type of law that you think you would have had the hardest time dealing with and would have protested if you were a native in South Africa.
Write the law down in your journal and explain why you think that law would have affected you the most.
Why do you think that the native South Africans didn’t resist these laws more than they did?

70. Grand Apartheid Laws
THE POPULATION REGISTRATION ACT—grouped every South African into a particular “race” (white, Indian, Coloured, and Black). Only whites could vote. Those lower down on the list had fewer rights.
THE MIXED MARRIAGES ACT—made it a crime for any marriage to take place between whites and any other “racial” group. Only 75 marriages between blacks and whites had been recorded before Apartheid began.
THE IMMORALITY ACT—made it a crime for any sexual act to be committed between a white person and any other “racial” group. Between , 24,000 people were prosecuted for this crime.
THE GROUP AREAS ACT—divided South Africa into different areas where the different “race” groups could live. Of the 3.5 million people who had to leave their homes because of this act, only 2% were white.
THE PASS LAWS—made it mandatory for blacks to carry pass books at all times, which allowed them to have permission to be in a white area for a limited amount of time. Without their pass, they were arrested.

71. Backdrops: - These are full sized backdrops, just scale them up!
- Can be Copy-Pasted out of Templates for use anywhere!