1. Chapter 2
Minerals

2. Chap 2.1 Matter
Element: A substance that can’t be chemically or physically broken down into simpler substances
The element Hydrogen

3. Atom: Parts of atom: Nucleus: The smallest particle of matter
Have all the characteristics of
an element
Parts of atom:
Nucleus:
The center of an atom, most of the mass is the nucleus

4. In the nucleus: Protons: Neutrons:
Have a positive charge, jammed tightly together, every atom of the same element ALWAYS has the same number of protons
Neutrons:
Have no charge, jammed together with protons, atoms of the same element doesn’t always have the same number of neutrons

5. Energy levels, or shells
Outside of the Nucleus
Electrons:
Have a negative charge, very small, found in orbitals (layers or energy levels) outside the nucleus
Energy levels, or shells
Surround the nucleus
Contain electrons—negatively charged particles

6. When atoms combine or interact, it’s always the electrons that do the interacting

7. Review

8. Words to Know Atomic number: The number of protons in the nucleus
Atomic mass:
The number of protons + neutrons in an atom

9. Isotopes:
Atoms with the same number of protons (same element) but different numbers of neutrons

10. Ion: An atom or molecule that gains or loses an electron, ions have charges
A CHARGED PARTICLE!

11. 3 types of bonds between atoms
Chemical Bonds
Ways that electrons are used in making bonds between atoms or molecules
3 types of bonds between atoms
1. Ionic: Bonds formed between ions, where electron is transferred from one atom to another, the strongest chemical bond, like in salt

12. Bonds between different molecules: Hydrogen bonds:
Covalent: Electrons are shared between atoms (not always shared equally), like between atoms in a water molecule H2O
Metallic:
Many electrons are shared by many metal ions, like in copper, iron, etc
Bonds between different molecules:
Hydrogen bonds:
Weak bonds between polar molecules, like water because electrons not shared evenly

13. Questions
If opposites attract and same charges repel, why are the protons so close together in the nucleus and the electrons are outside the nucleus?
The Strong Force (1039 times stronger than gravity) keeps protons held together even though the electromagnetic force tries to separate them.
What about the electrons?
The closer they get to nucleus, faster they go

14. Chap 2.2 Minerals Mineral: Naturally occurring, not made by man
Inorganic, (generally not made by living organisms)
Solid
Orderly crystalline structure (atoms are arranged in orderly, repetitive way)
Definite chemical composition (all minerals of the same type have very similar composition)

15. Mineral Formation Minerals generally form in 1 of 4 ways:
Crystallization of magma:
Crystals grow as magma cools, slow cooling makes large crystals because they grow slowly
Precipitation:
As water cools or evaporates, minerals precipitate (settle) to the bottom
Pressure & Temperature:
Minerals can change type under high pressure or temperatures, like metamorphic rocks change

16. Hydrothermal Solutions:
Very hot water with dissolved minerals can cause some minerals to dissolve and form new minerals or combine to form other minerals

17. Chap 2.3 Mineral Properties
Color:
Not a very good way to determine mineral because small amounts of impurities can change the color

18. Streak:
The color of the powder left from scratching a mineral on a streak plate, this is a good way to determine type of mineral
Luster:
The way light is reflected from the surface, like shiny, dull, pearly, etc

19. Crystal Form:
The 3 dimensional shape of a crystal as it grows with plenty of space and time
Hardness:
Resistance to being scratched, ranked on the Mohs scale from 1 – 10, with 10 being hardest. Fingernail = 2.5, Glass = 5.5, Diamond = 10

20. Cleavage: Ability of mineral to break leaving smooth, flat surfaces, like mica or salt
Fracture: Breaking without leaving a smooth, flat surface, like quartz
Density: Mass / Volume