1. Minerals Objective(s):
Distinguish between elemental and compound minerals
List the criteria for being considered a mineral
List the physical and chemical properties used to identify minerals

2. DO NOW Which rocks are made from sediment?
Which rocks are made from magma?
Which rock type can make metamorphic rock?
What are rocks made of?

3. Atoms Building blocks for all materials on Earth 3 components: Protons
Neutrons
Electrons

4. Elements Atoms combine to form elements
Can’t be broken down by chemical means

5. Minerals
Elements combine to form MINERALS
Atoms
Elements
Minerals

6. Mineral Criteria Naturally Occurring Inorganic Solid
Not man-made
Inorganic
Not made from living things or the remains of them
Solid
Definite size and shape
Definite Chemical Composition
Quartz = SiO2
Crystalline Structure
Atoms arranged in repeating patterns

7. Mineral Formation CRYSTALIZE PRECIPITATE
Cooling of molten rock (lava / magma) material
PRECIPITATE
Evaporation of water with dissolved minerals

8. Mineral Composition Elemental Compound Composed of only 1 element
Composed of 2 or more elements
Graphite (C)
Copper (Cu)
Gold (Au)
Diamond (C)

9. Different Arrangements
Identifying Minerals
Mineral Properties are determined by their “internal arrangement of atoms”
Different Arrangements =
Different Properties
Graphite
Diamond
BOTH ARE MADE OF CARBON!

10. Mineral Properties Physical Properties Chemical Properties Color
Streak
Luster
Hardness
Cleavage/Fracture
Density
Chemical Properties
Magnetism
Fizzing

11. DO NOW What criteria defines a mineral? Naturally occurring Inorganic
Solid
Definite chemical composition
Crystalline structure

12. Physical Properties 1. COLOR Unreliable when used alone!!! Why?
Most visible property of a mineral
Unreliable when used alone!!!
Why?
One mineral can have many colors
Different minerals have similar colors

13. Colors of Quartz

14. STREAK MAY BE DIFFERENT
Color of a mineral in its powder form
STREAK MAY BE DIFFERENT
THAN THE MINERAL COLOR

15. Varieties of Hematite
– all same color streak

16. How light is reflected off of the surface of a mineral Two types
3. LUSTER
How light is reflected off of the surface of a mineral
Two types
Metallic
Shines like brightly polished METAL
Non-metallic
Glassy, dull, earthy, pearly

17. Examples of Metallic Luster
GALENA
PYRITE
GRAPHITE

18. Examples of Non-Metallic Luster
QUARTZ
FELDSPAR

19. THE SOFTER THE MINERAL, THE EASIER IT IS TO SCRATCH
4. HARDNESS
The resistance ability of a mineral when scratched
THE SOFTER THE MINERAL, THE EASIER IT IS TO SCRATCH
Higher numbers will scratch lower numbers

20. Physical Properties 5. CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE Cleavage Fracture
Breaks in a pattern
Fracture
Splits unevenly into irregular pieces with rough and jagged edges

21. Cleavage – due to weak bonds in the crystal structure
Halite (NaCl)
Fluorite (CaF2)
HALITE
FLUORITE

23. MUSCOVITE
BIOTITE

24. Rose Quartz – Conchoidal Fracture

25. Conchoidal Fracture - Quartz
Obsidian

26. Chemical Properties MAGNETISM Magnetic elements found within magnetite
Ex – Iron (Fe) in Magnetite

27. CAN TELL THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HALITE AND CALCITE
2. Fizzing with HCl (Hydrochloric Acid)
Some minerals react with acid to form bubbles
Ex – Calcite and Dolomite
CAN TELL THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HALITE AND CALCITE

28. The diagram below shows a method for determining a physical property of a mineral. The results are shown for two minerals, galena and
calcite.
Which property of the galena and calcite is indicated by the color of the powder each leaves on the ceramic tile?
(1) streak
(2) hardness
(3) reaction to an acid
(4) reaction to a solvent

29. The diagram below shows a penny scratching the surface of the mineral calcite. Which physical property of the calcite is being tested?
(1) streak (3) melting point
(2) hardness (4) reaction to acid

30. A chemical property of a mineral is evident if the mineral
(1) breaks easily when struck with a hammer
(2) bubbles when acid is placed on it
(3) is easily scratched by a fingernail
(4) reflects light from its surface