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Chapter 2 Chemical Principles
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Definitions and Concepts to review
Atom, molecule, ion, electron, proton, neutron, element, compound, valence e-, e- shells 3 types of bonds: ionic, covalent, hydrogen Chemical reactions
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Important biological molecules
Water Polar, cohesive, adhesive Solvent Absorption of heat
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pH = measure of hydrogen ion (H+) concentration
Acids, bases, neutral compounds Add H+ lowers pH number Add OH- raises pH number Neutral = pH 7 Most microbes grow best at neutral pH Buffers are chemicals which maintain a certain pH
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What are organic molecules?
Molecules of organisms/life Carbon-based Always contain carbon and hydrogen May contain other elements, such as sulfur, phosphorus, nitrogen, oxygen, etc.
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4 types of organic molecules
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
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Carbohydrates Name means carbon + water
Chemical formula is 1 carbon + 2 hydrogens + 1 oxygen Examples of carbohydrates: Sugars, starches, cellulose, chitin The most important carbohydrate is glucose (C6H12O6) Functions of carbohydrates Energy Energy storage Structures
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Carbohydrates Glucose C6H12O6 Ref.:
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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates Carbo- -saccharide Gluco- Glyco-
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Lipids Hydrophobic Examples: fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, mycolic acid, most hormones, cholesterol Function: energy storage, structures, communication, protection from dehydration
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Lipids Basic structure of a lipid is 1 glycerol (3C) + 3 fatty acid chains
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Phospholipids
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Cholesterol and Ergosterol
Ref. :
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Lipids Lipo- -lipid
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Proteins SHAPE = FUNCTION Made of amino acids
Examples: insulin (a hormone), hemoglobin, enzymes (-ase suffix) Functions: carry out chemical reactions, structures, hormones Denaturation is unfolding of protein
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Proteins
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Proteins H NH2 C COOH R side group
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Proteins Prot- Proteo- Peptid-
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Nucleic acids Chemical formula is 1 5 carbon sugar, 1 base (containing nitrogen), and 1 phosphate group Subunits are called nucleotides Examples: DNA, RNA, ATP Functions: carrying genetic information, energy molecules
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Nucleic acids
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Nucleic acids Differences between DNA and RNA
DNA has one less oxygen in its sugar, ribose, than RNA DNA has the 4 bases: A, T, G, C; RNA has the 4 bases: A, U, G, C DNA is usually double-stranded; RNA is usually single-stranded
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ATP Energy currency of the cell
Energy is contained in the bonds that hold the phosphate groups to the rest of the molecule ATP becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate) when it loses 1 phosphate group
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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Nucleic acids Nucl- Nucleo
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The End
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