1. The Northern Section

2. 2 Parts of the North Populous Northeast Old Northwest
New England, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania
Old Northwest
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota

3. Farming in The Old Northwest
Grew corn, wheat, and other grain
John Deere invents the steel plow in the 1830s
Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaper makes harvesting grain less labor intensive
Pigs and cattle were raised for their meat, fat, and milk (cows)
New transportation allowed farmers to ship goods to the south and east

4. Industries in the Northeast
Many people lived in rural areas in the northeast
Rural areas consist of farmland and countryside
Many people started moving to Urban areas (cities) to work in new factories
During the 1800s the Urban population increased while the rural population decreased

5. Industries in the Northeast
Industrialization which is the development of industry increased rapidly in the northeast
Water-powered factories produced furniture, clocks, glass
Coal from Pennsylvania fueled steam engines
Francis Cabot Lowell built textile mills in Waltham, Massachusetts

6. Lowell Lowell Mills hired only young unmarried women
They ran spinning and weaving machines and were able to earn money before they married
Worked a 72 hour week for about $2 a week
Not a bad wage most goods cost pennies
Mill owners hired women because they worked for half the pay of men

7. Growing Cities
In % of Americans lived in cities and by % did
People worked many hours outside the house
Children, elderly, and sick relatives were often unattended
Hospitals and schools were built
Classes
Upper(wealthy) Middle, lower (poor)

8. The North and the Midwest
Wealthy: Lived in lavish homes, had running water. Attended frequent parties and balls. Status was very important to them.
Poor: Lived in small crowded apartments in urban areas. Neighborhoods were crime ridden and dirty and disease was a problem amongst children in these areas.
3. Middle-Class: New class for the era. Lived in small homes and had enough money for essentials. Men worked and women stayed at the home and raised children.

9. North and the Midwest Immigrants of the mid 1800’s
Irish were the largest group of immigrants coming to the US: 2 million by 1860
Life expectancy was short, living and working conditions were harsh but still better than those in Ireland where potato famine killed many
They faced great prejudice in the cities where they lived and often settled there own communities and established churches (sets a model for future immigrants)

10. North and the Midwest Immigrants of the mid 1800’s
Germans immigrated to the US looking for jobs
Germans were of many religions, German Jews settled the East Coast while others went to the Midwest
Dutch, Scandinavians and Swiss also immigrated to the Midwest

11. What conditions did people live in?
Poor conditions
People lived in crowded apartments called tenements
Poor standards, sanitation, and safety
population increased too fast
Cities lacked police, sewage systems, and fresh water
Thousands die from cholera, an intestinal disease caused from bad water

14. Labor Disputes
Employees were paid little and did not work in a healthy environment
Factory owners grew rich
Workers worked long hours for little pay
There were no labor laws or minimum wage
Workers only power was to call a strike

15. Strikes From 1834-1836 more than 150 strikes took place
1 in 6 women at the Lowell mills went on strike when wages were cut 15% because of poor sales

16. Labor Unions
1834 workers organized the first Labor Union the “National Trades Union” (NTU)
Protected workers interest by negotiating to resolve issues such as wages, hiring practices, work conditions, and hours
The early unions died out
Factory owners paid off judges to outlaw labor unions

17. The North Cities will continue to expand throughout the 1800s
Cities will gain all the benefits and problems caused by rise in population