1. Plan C
We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it takes us.
Phytoremediation
Plant products
Biofuels
Effects of seed spacing on seed germination
Climate/CO2 change
Stress responses/stress avoidance
Improving food production
Biotechnology
Plant movements
Plant signaling (including neurobiology)
Flowering?
Something else?

2. Plan C
Pick a problem
Pick some plants to study
Design some experiments
See where they lead us

3. Plan C
Grading?
Combination of papers and presentations
First presentation: 5 points
Research presentation: 10 points
Final presentation: 15 points
Assignments: 5 points each
Poster: 10 points
Intermediate report 10 points
Final report: 30 points
Alternatives
Paper(s) instead of 1 or two presentations
Research proposal instead of a presentation
One or two exams?

4. BIO 369 - Resource and Policy Information
Instructor: Dr. William Terzaghi
Office: SLC 363/CSC228
Office hours: MW and T 1-2 in SLC 363, R 1-2 & F in CSC228, or by appointment
Phone: (570)
Course webpage:

5. Vegetative Plants
3 Parts
Leaf
Stem
Root

6. Vegetative Plants
3 tissue types
Dermal
Ground
Vascular

7. Plant Development
Cell division = growth

8. Plant Development
Cell division = growth
Determination = what cell can become

9. Plant Development
Cell division = growth
Determination = what cell can become
Differentiation = cells become specific types

10. Plant Development
Cell division = growth
Determination = what cell can become
Differentiation = cells become specific types
Pattern formation: developing specific structures in specific locations

11. Plant Development
Cell division = growth
Determination = what cell can become
Differentiation = cells become specific types
Pattern formation
Morphogenesis: organization into tissues & organs

12. Plant Development
umbrella term for many processes
embryogenesis

13. Plant Development
umbrella term for many processes
Embryogenesis
Seed dormancy and germination

14. Plant Development
umbrella term for many processes
Embryogenesis
Seed dormancy and germination
Seedling Morphogenesis

15. Plant Development
umbrella term for many processes
Embryogenesis
Seed dormancy and germination
Seedling Morphogenesis
Transition to flowering, fruit
and seed formation

16. Plant Development
umbrella term for many processes
Embryogenesis
Seed dormancy and germination
Seedling Morphogenesis
Transition to flowering, fruit
and seed formation
Many responses to environment

17. Plant Development
Umbrella term for many processes
Unique features of plant development
Cell walls: cells can’t move:
Must grow towards/away from signals

18. Plant Development
Umbrella term for many processes
Unique features of plant development
Cell walls: cells can’t move: must grow instead
Plasticity: plants develop in
response to environment

19. Unique features of plant development
Cell walls: cells can’t move
Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment
Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new plant given the correct signals

20. Unique features of plant development
Cell walls: cells can’t move
Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment
Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new plant given the correct signals
Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones

21. Unique features of plant development
Cell walls: cells can’t move
Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment
Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new plant given the correct signals
Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones
No germ line!

22. Unique features of plant development
Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones
No germ line! Cells at apical meristem become
flowers: allows Lamarckian evolution!

23. Unique features of plant development
Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions, and can form new ones
No germ line! Cells at apical meristem become
flowers: allows Lamarckian evolution!
Different parts of the same 2000 year old tree have different DNA & form
different gametes

24. Endomembrane system
Common features
derived from ER

25. Endomembrane system
Common features
derived from ER
transport is in vesicles

26. Endomembrane system
Common features
derived from ER
transport is in vesicles
proteins & lipids are
glycosylated

27. Endomembrane system
Organelles derived from the ER
1) ER
2) Golgi
3) Vacuoles
4) Plasma
Membrane
5) Nuclear
Envelope
6) Endosome
7) Oleosomes

28. ER
Network of membranes t/out cell
2 types: SER & RER

29. SER
tubules that lack ribosomes
fns:
Lipid syn
Steroid syn
drug detox
storing Ca2+
Glycogen
catabolism

30. RER
Flattened membranes studded with ribosomes
1˚ fn = protein synthesis
-> ribosomes are making proteins

31. ER
SER & RER make new membrane!

32. GOLGI COMPLEX
Flattened stacks of membranes made from ER

33. GOLGI COMPLEX
Individual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ER
Fn: “post office”:
collect ER products,
process & deliver them
Altered in each stack

34. GOLGI COMPLEX
Individual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ER
Fn: “post office”:
collect ER products,
process & deliver them
Altered in each stack
Makes most cell wall
carbohydrates!

35. GOLGI COMPLEX
Individual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ER
Fn: “post office”:
collect ER products,
process & deliver them
Altered in each stack
Makes most cell wall
carbohydrates!
Protein’s address is
built in

36. VACUOLES
Derived from Golgi
Fns:
1) digestion
a) Organelles
b) food particles

37. VACUOLES
Fns:
1) digestion
a) Organelles
b) food particles
2) storage

38. VACUOLES
Fns:
1) digestion
a) Organelles
b) food particles
2) storage
3) turgor: push plasma
membrane against
cell wall

39. VACUOLES
Vacuoles are subdivided:
lytic vacuoles are distinct
from storage vacuoles!

40. Endomembrane system
Organelles derived from the ER
1) ER
2) Golgi
3) Vacuoles
4) Plasma
Membrane
Regulates
transport
in/out of cell

41. Endomembrane system
Organelles derived from the ER
1) ER
2) Golgi
3) Vacuoles
4) Plasma
Membrane
Regulates
transport
in/out of cell
Lipids form
barrier
Proteins transport
objects & info

42. Endomembrane System
5) Nuclear envelope: regulates transport in/out of nucleus
Continuous with ER

43. 5) Nuclear envelope:regulates transport in/out of nucleus
Endomembrane System
5) Nuclear envelope:regulates transport in/out of nucleus
Continuous with ER
Transport is only through nuclear pores

44. Endomembrane System
5) Nuclear envelope:regulates transport in/out of nucleus
Continuous with ER
Transport is only through nuclear pores
Need correct signal
& receptor for import

45. Endomembrane System
5) Nuclear envelope: regulates transport in/out of nucleus
Continuous with ER
Transport is only through nuclear pores
Need correct signal
& receptor for import
new one for export

46. Endomembrane System
Nucleus: spherical organelle bounded by 2 membranes and filled with chromatin = mix of DNA and protein

47. Endomembrane System
Nucleus: spherical organelle bounded by 2 membranes and filled with chromatin
fns = information storage & retrieval
Ribosome assembly (in nucleolus)

48. Endomembrane System
Endosomes: vesicles derived from Golgi or Plasma membrane
Fn: sorting materials
& recycling receptors

49. Endomembrane System
Oleosomes: oil storage bodies derived from SER
Surrounded by lipid monolayer!

50. Endomembrane System
Oleosomes: oil storage bodies derived from SER
Surrounded by lipid monolayer!
filled with lipids: no internal hydrophobic effect!

51. endosymbionts
derived by division of preexisting organelles
no vesicle transport
Proteins & lipids are not glycosylated

52. endosymbionts
derived by division of preexisting organelles
little exchange of membranes with other organelles
1) Peroxisomes (microbodies)

53. Peroxisomes (microbodies)
1 membrane

54. Peroxisomes (microbodies)
found in (nearly) all eukaryotes
1 membrane
Fn:
1) destroy H2O2, other O2-related poisons

55. Peroxisomes
Fn:
destroy H2O2, other O2-related poisons
change fat to CH2O (glyoxysomes)

56. Peroxisomes
Fns:
destroy H2O2, other
O2-related poisons
change fat to CH2O
(glyoxysomes)
Detoxify & recycle
photorespiration products

57. Peroxisomes
Fn:
destroy H2O2, other O2-related poisons
change fat to CH2O (glyoxysomes)
Detoxify & recycle photorespiration products
Destroy EtOH (made in anaerobic roots)

58. Peroxisomes
ER can make peroxisomes under special circumstances!
e.g. peroxisome-less mutants can restore peroxisomes when the wild-type gene is restored

59. endosymbionts
1) Peroxisomes (microbodies)
2) Mitochondria

60. Mitochondria
Bounded by 2 membranes

61. Mitochondria
2 membranes
Smooth OM

62. Mitochondria
2 membranes
Smooth OM
IM folds into cristae

63. Mitochondria
-> 4 compartments
1) OM
2) intermembrane space
3) IM
4) matrix

64. Mitochondria
matrix contains DNA, RNA and ribosomes

65. Mitochondria
matrix contains DNA, RNA and ribosomes
Genomes vary from 100,000 to 2,500,000 bp, but only genes

66. Mitochondria
matrix contains DNA, RNA and ribosomes
Genomes vary from 100,000 to 2,500,000 bp, but only genes
Reproduce by fission

67. Mitochondria
matrix contains DNA, RNA and ribosomes
Genomes vary from 100,000 to 2,500,000 bp, but only genes
Reproduce by fission
IM is 25% cardiolipin, a bacterial phospholipid

68. Mitochondria
Genomes vary from 100,000 to 2,500,000 bp, but only genes
Reproduce by fission
IM is 25% cardiolipin, a bacterial phospholipid
Genes most related to Rhodobacteria

69. Mitochondria
Fn : cellular respiration
-> oxidizing food & supplying energy to cell
Also make many important biochemicals

70. Mitochondria
Fn : cellular respiration
-> oxidizing food & supplying energy to cell
Also make important biochemicals & help recycle PR products

71. Mitochondria
Fn : cellular respiration
-> oxidizing food & supplying energy to cell
Also make important biochems & help recycle PR prods
Have extra oxidases: burn off excess NADH or NADPH?

72. endosymbionts
Peroxisomes
Mitochondria
Plastids

73. Plastids
Chloroplasts do photosynthesis
Amyloplasts store starch
Chromoplasts store pigments
Leucoplasts are found in roots

74. Bounded by 2 membranes 1) outer envelope 2) inner envelope
Chloroplasts
Bounded by 2 membranes
1) outer envelope
2) inner envelope

75. Chloroplasts
Interior = stroma
Contains thylakoids
membranes where light
rxns of photosynthesis occur
mainly galactolipids

76. Chloroplasts
Interior = stroma
Contains thylakoids
membranes where light rxns of photosynthesis occur
mainly galactolipids
Contain DNA, RNA, ribosomes

77. Chloroplasts
Contain DNA, RNA, ribosomes
120, ,000 bp, ~ 100 genes

78. Chloroplasts
Contain DNA, RNA, ribosomes
120, ,000 bp, ~ 100 genes
Closest relatives = cyanobacteria

79. Chloroplasts
Contain DNA, RNA, ribosomes
120, ,000 bp, ~ 100 genes
Closest relatives = cyanobacteria
Divide by fission

80. Chloroplasts
Contain DNA, RNA, ribosomes
120, ,000 bp, ~ 100 genes
Closest relatives = cyanobacteria
Divide by fission
Fns: Photosynthesis

81. Chloroplasts
Fns: Photosynthesis & starch synth
Photoassimilation of N & S

82. Chloroplasts
Fns: Photosynthesis & starch synth
Photoassimilation of N & S
Fatty acid & some lipid synth

83. Chloroplasts
Fns: Photosynthesis & starch synth
Photoassimilation of N & S
Fatty acid & some lipid synth
Synth of ABA, GA, many other biochem

84. Chloroplasts & Mitochondria
Contain eubacterial DNA, RNA, ribosomes
Inner membranes have bacterial lipids
Divide by fission
Provide best support for endosymbiosis