1. The Periodic Table of Elements

2. Periodic  Periodic Law  Periodic Table
Something periodic occurs at regular or at least generally predictable intervals
Periodic law - physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers
Periodic Table of Elements – a table of the elements, arranged by atomic number, that shows the patterns in their properties

3. Atoms, Elements, Molecules
What is the difference between the 3?
Atoms: The basic building blocks of matter that make up everyday objects. Ex) H2O – 3 atoms, CO2 – 3 atoms, C6H12O6 – 24 atoms
Elements: Pure substances that cannot be broken down chemically. Ex) Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O)
Molecules: Two or more atoms joined together chemically.
Ex.) O2 – 1 molecule, 2H2O – 2 molecules

4. Dmitri Mendeleev
Invented the PTE in the 1860’s and arranged elements by atomic mass.
He did this by grouping elements together according to their similarities
Draft of Mendeleev's Periodic Table
Image taken from:

5. Mendeleev’s Published Periodic Table of Elements
Why do you think there are question marks here?
Image taken from:

6. Mendeleev’s Predictions
Although Mendeleev’s Periodic Table of Elements had missing elements or “gaps,” he was able to predict the characteristics of these missing elements because of Periodic Law.
“Ekasilicon”
Germanium
Notice how Mendeleev’s
predictions (orange column) were very
accurate when compared to Germanium’s actual characteristics (green column)
Date Predicted
1871
Date Discovered
1886
Atomic Mass 72
72.6
Density
5.5 g/cm3
5.47 g/cm3
Bonding Power 4
Color
Dark Gray
Grayish White

7. Henry Moseley
He revised the original PTE in to the modern day PTE by placing elements in order by atomic NUMBER.
He concluded that the number of protons in an atom is its atomic number.
Image taken from:

8. 3 Classes of Elements
Using this as a guide, color code your periodic table to show the three classes. Start by highlighting the “zig-zag.”
Class
Color
Metal
Non-Metal
Metalloid

9. What metal is not a solid
Metals
Location
Found to the LEFT of the zigzag line (except Hydrogen)
Chemical Properties
Have few electrons in their outer energy level
Tend to LOSE valence electrons easily 79 Au 11 Na
22.990
Image taken from:
What metal is not a solid
@ room temperature?

10. Metals Physical Properties: 1. Malleable: Can be bent or hammered flat
2. Ductile: Can be drawn into wire
3. Tensile strength: Are strong and resist bending and breaking
4. Have high melting and boiling points 5. Good conductors of heat and electricity
6. Have high densities (heavy weight for their size) 7. Attracted to a magnet
8. Shiny Luster

11. Atoms with Few Electrons in their Outer Energy Level11 Na
22.990
Notice: only 1 electron in outer level + - + - 4 Be
9.012
Notice: only 2 electrons in outer level

12. Non-Metals Location Found to the RIGHT of the zigzag line
Chemical Properties
Most have almost full outer energy levels
Tend to GAIN valence electrons 17 Cl
35.453
Image taken from: 16 S
32.066
Image taken from:

13. Nonmetals Physical Properties: Good insulators
Exist as solids, liquids and gases at room temperature
Dull Luster
Brittle
Not malleable or ductile
Low tensile strength (soft and bend/break easily)
Low melting and boiling points
Poor conductors of heat and electricity
Low densities
Not attracted to metal

14. Atoms with Full or Almost Full Outer Energy Level+ - 8 O
15.999
    + -
Notice: 2 electrons in outer level – FULL 2 He
4.003 + -
Notice: 6 electrons in outer level – almost full
Notice: 7 electrons in outer level – almost full 9 F
18.998

15. Metalloids Location BORDERS the zigzag line Chemical Properties:
Elements on the right of zigzag GAIN valence electrons.
Elements on the left of zigzag LOSE valence electrons. 14 Si
28.086
Image taken from: 5 B
10.811
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16. Metalloids Physical Properties 1. Most are solids
2. May or may not be: malleable, ductile, or brittle
3. Conducts heat and electricity better than
nonmetals, but not as well as metals.
4. Good semiconductors
5. Has densities and melting/boiling points that are
widely varied.
6. Has shiny AND dull lusters

17. Important Features of the Periodic Table: Period (Row)
each horizontal row of elements on the periodic table
How many
periods (rows)
are on the
Periodic Table
Of Elements?
FROM LEFT TO RIGHT OR RIGHT TO LEFT

18. Period (Row) Properties
Seven periods (numbered from the top down)
Atomic numbers & masses increase as you move from left to the right in a period.
All atoms of the elements in the same period have the same number of rings.
Example
Period 1 = 1 ring
Period 2 = 2 rings
Period 3 = 3 rings
Etc…

19. Examples of Period (Row) elements having the same number of orbitals/levels in their atoms+ - + -
In what period (row) do
you think these atoms
reside? + - + -
In what period (row) do
you think these atoms
reside?

20. How many groups (families)
Important Features of the Periodic Table: Group (Family)
each column of elements on the periodic table
How many groups (families)
are on the
Periodic Table
Of Elements?
FROM TOP TO BOTTOM OR BOTTOM TO THE TOP

21. Group (Family) Properties
Eighteen families (numbered from left to right)
Atomic numbers & masses increase as you move from the top down in a group (family)
Atoms of elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in the outer rings (known as valence electrons)
When bonding we refer to families as GROUPS. There are 8 Groups. (we skip transition metal families.
Elements in groups have similar physical and chemical properties

22. Examples of Group Elements with the same # of valence electrons
                          
How many electrons do each of these atoms have in their outer orbital/level? 87 Fr
(223) 55 Cs 37 Rb
85.468 19 K
39.098 11 Na
22.990 3 Li
6.941 1 H
1.008 + -
What group (family) do these elements reside in?

23. Group (Family) Names Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Noble Gases
Boron Group
Carbon Group
Nitrogen Group
Oxygen Group
Halogens
Transition Metals

24. Identify the Element Period 5 – Group 2  Group 4 – Period 7 
Rutherfordium - Rf
Strontium - Sr
Carbon - C
Astatine - At

25. Using the Periodic Table
The boxes that make up the periodic table contain a significant amount of information. To understand this information, it is necessary to refer to the periodic table’s key(s) 8 O
Oxygen
15.999
Atomic Number
(Number of protons)
Element Symbol
(Written with a capital letter or a capital followed by a lower case if two letters )
Element Name
Atomic Mass
(Rounded to a whole number, equals
the number of protons and neutrons)
Class
Color
Metal
Non-Metal
Metalloid
State
Room Temp.)
Symbol Color
Solid
Liquid
Gas
What is Oxygen’s physical state of matter?
Which class does Oxygen fall into?