1. Energy for Survival
8.L.5.1
Summarize how food provides the energy and the molecules required for building materials, growth and survival of all organisms
(including plants)

2. Uses of Energy
Why do we need energy?

3. Cells carry on the many functions needed to sustain life
Cells carry on the many functions needed to sustain life. They grow and divide (mitosis or meiosis), thereby producing more cells. This requires that they take in nutrients, which they use to provide energy for the work that cells do and to make the materials that a cell or an organism needs.
The way in which all cells function is similar in all living organisms. Within cells many of the basic functions of organisms, such as releasing energy from food and getting rid of waste, are carried out by different cell elements.

4. Uses of Energy in Living Cells
Homeostasis:
"same" and "steady,"
any process that living things use to actively maintain fairly stable conditions necessary for survival. 
Growth & Development
Repair
Reproduction

5. Mitosis: the state of the cell cycle during which the cell’s nucleus divides into two new cells

6. Meiosis: a type of cell division that results in four cells each with half the number of chromosomes

7. Using Energy In plants and animals, molecules from food:
react with oxygen to provide energy that is needed to carry out life functions
build and become incorporated into the body structure, or are stored for later use.

8. How do organisms obtain energy from food?
All organisms, including plants, require food for survival

9. Let’s Review
Matter is transferred among organisms in an ecosystem when organisms eat, or are eaten by others for food. 

10. Almost all food energy comes from sunlight.
Energy can change from one form to another in living things.
Animals get energy from oxidizing their food, releasing some of its energy as heat.

11. Chemical energy is transferred from one organism to another in an ecosystem as they eat.
The atoms that make up the organisms in an ecosystem are cycled repeatedly between the living and nonliving parts of the ecosystem. Over a long time, matter is transferred from one organism to another repeatedly and between organisms and their physical environment. As in all material systems, the total amount of matter remains constant, even though its form and location change.

12. Review
The atoms that make up the organisms in an ecosystem are cycled repeatedly between the living and nonliving parts of the ecosystem. 

13. As in all material systems, the total amount of matter remains constant, even though its form and location change.
Review

14. Two ways to get food “troph” = food Autotrophs Auto = self
Autotrophs make their own food
Plants
Heterotrophs
Hetero = different
Heterotrophs get their food from something else (they have to eat it)
Animals

15. Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

17. Photosynthesis

18. Photosynthesis
Converts the sun’s energy into chemical energy stored in sugar
Takes place in specialized structures inside plant cells called chloroplasts
Chlorophyll is the pigment that absorbs sunlight.

19. Photosynthesis Reaction
6CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
The food plants make is called glucose (sugar)

20. Photosynthesis 2 different reactions Light Reactions
Capture light energy for photosynthesis
Calvin Cycle
Produces glucose sugar

23. How do organisms get the energy the plants have harnessed?

24. Through the process of cellular respiration, cells convert energy (glucose) to a usable form of energy (ATP). The energy stored in ATP provides the means by which cells are able to carry out their functions such as growth, development, and repair of organisms, locomotion and transportation of molecules across cell membranes.

25. Cellular Respiration
Is the process cells use to convert energy (glucose) in to a usable form of energy (ATP)
Oxygen to release energy stored in sugars - ATP
Carbon dioxide and water are waste products of cellular respiration. CO2 must be removed from the cells.
Takes place in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.

26. Cellular Respiration Happens in both plant and animal cells
Overall Reaction:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

27. Step-by-Step
Digestion breaks down foods into smaller substances, but that these substances are not the right form to be used, so they must go through cellular respiration.

28. When an animal eats food, the food and other nutrients must enter each cell in the animal's body so the cells can carry out their functions. How do the food molecules and nutrients enter the cell? a. through the nucleus b. through the plasma membrane c. through the chlorophyll in the cell d. through other specialized cells
 Food, Energy and You video from Discovery Ed (20 minutes)

29. The digestive system breaks carbohydrates down into single sugar molecules
Glucose is a small enough molecule to enter the blood stream.
Now its known as ‘blood sugar’ and is the universal source of energy.

30. As blood sugar levels rise, special cells in the pancreas churn out more and more insulin, a hormone that signals cells to absorb blood sugar for energy or storage.
As cells sponge up blood sugar, its levels in the bloodstream begin to fall.

31. That’s when other cells in the pancreas start making glucagon, a hormone that tells the liver to start releasing stored sugar. This interplay of insulin and glucagon ensure that cells throughout the body, and especially in the brain, have a steady supply of blood sugar.
liver
stomach
pancreas

32. After Digestion Step 1: Glycolysis
The energy that cells make and use is called ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
Step 1: Glycolysis
Makes 2 molecules of ATP (energy)
Takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell

33. Step 2: Check for Oxygen
If oxygen is present, the cell can make more ATP
If no oxygen is present, the cell has to recycle the pieces from glycolysis and makes alcohol.

34. Next, depends on whether or not there is oxygen
Aero = oxygen

35. Step 3 with oxygen: Cellular Respiration
Oxygen required = aerobic respiration
Reactions occur in the cell’s mitochondria
1. Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle) – makes 2 ATP
2. Electron Transport Chain – makes ATP

36. Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

37. Step 3 without oxygen: Fermentation
Anaerobic Respiration (fermentation)
The process in which the cell must recycle the materials from glycolysis.
The product is alcohol.

40. Energy Tally 36 ATP for aerobic vs. 2 ATP for anaerobic
Glycolysis ATP
Kreb’s ATP
Electron Transport 32 ATP
36 ATP
Anaerobic organisms can’t be too energetic but are important for many reasons.

42. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Work together

44. Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
Pg. 410, 415, 416

45. Draw, color & label a diagram

46. Draw, color & label a diagram

48. Be sure to remember…
Matter moves within individual organisms through a series of chemical reactions in which food is broken down and rearranged to form new molecules.
Plants use the energy from light to make sugars (food) from carbon dioxide and water. This process transforms light energy from the sun into stored chemical energy.

49. Be sure to remember…
The atoms that make up the organisms in an ecosystem are cycled repeatedly between the living and nonliving parts of the ecosystem. Over a long time, matter is transferred from one organism to another repeatedly and between organisms and their physical environment. As in all material systems, the total amount of matter remains constant, even though its form and location change.

50. 8.L.5 Understand the composition of various substances as it relates to their ability to serve as a source of energy and building materials for growth and repair of organisms.
8.L.5.2 Explain the relationship among a healthy diet, exercise, and the general health of the body (emphasis on the relationship between respiration and digestion).

51. Cellular Respiration: https://www. brainpop
ATP & Respiration:
Photosynthesis:
Photosynthesis:
Video Clips Used

52. Exercise & Cellular Respiration
Is there a relationship between exercise and the amount of carbon dioxide you exhale?
Let’s Exercise!!!

53. Exercise & Cellular Respiration
BTB color change time (seconds)
Breathing Rate (breaths/minute)
Heart Rate
(beats/minute)
Resting
Rate
Post 2 Minute Exercise
2. What can you conclude about the effect of exercise on the amount of carbon dioxide that is present in your exhaled breath? Why is this so?
3. What can you conclude about the effect of exercise on breathing rate? On the Heart Rate? Why is this so?

54. The Bread Maker Challenge: Fermentation in Yeast
4. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration (fermentation)?
Beginning Temperature
Observations
(bubbles, foam, etc.)
Final Temperature
Final Dough Height
Yeast in Water
Yeast in Sugar Water
Yeast in _______ Water