1. The basis for organic chemistry
Hydrocarbons
The basis for organic chemistry

2. Organic Compounds
Contain C bonded to other elements, commonly H, O, N, S, and halogens
Carbon
Can form many different compounds due to its hybrid orbitals
Has intermediate electonegativity, so its most likely to form molecular compounds (Recall: molecular compounds have diverse properties)
Can make single, double, and triple bonds
Can form isomers (same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms)

3. Types of Hydrocarbons
Saturated: Contain the maximum number of hydrogens, single bonds between all carbons
Unsaturated: Contain 1+ double or triple bonds

4. Types of Hydrocarbons Aliphatic Carbons are arranged in chains
Cyclic: Carbons are arranged in rings
Aromatic: Contain a benzene ring

5. Types of Hydrocarbons

6. Drawing Hydrocarbons
CH3CH2CH2CH3

7. Hydrocarbon Root Names
# of Carbons
Root Name 1
meth- 2
eth- 3
prop- 4
but- 5
pent- 6
hex- 7
hept- 8
oct- 9
non- 10
dec-

8. Naming Alkanes Based off the number of C atoms in the longest chain
Count the number of C’s in the longest chain
Determine the appropriate root
Use the numbered C’s to give the branches a position number add “yl” suffix
Add the suffix “ane”

9. Naming Branched Alkanes
Important Rules:
Start numbering from the end that will give you the lowest number of branches
If there is more than one type of branch, name the branches in alphabetical order
If there is more than two of the same type of branch, give the branch a position number and prefixes “di”, “tri” “tetra” etc.
Put commas between numbers and hyphens between numbers and letters

10. Examples

11. Cyclic Alkanes Cyclopropane, C3H6 Cyclobutane, C4H8
Cyclopentane, C5H10
Cyclohexane, C6H12
Cycloheptane, C7H14
Remember, explicit hydrogens are left out

12. Examples

13. Practice P. 11-16 #1, 2 Naming Alkanes Worksheet
Alkane Challenge Worksheet

14. Naming Alkenes & Alkynes
Count the number of C’s in the longest chain containing the double/triple bond.
This is the parent chain, determine the root
Number the parent chain so that the double/triple bond has the lowest possible position number
Identify the position numbers of branches
Same rules as before
Write the branches in alphabetical order
Write the root, including a prefix that identifies the position of the double/triple bond
Add the prefix “cyclo” if its cyclic
Add the suffix “ene” or “yne”

15. Naming Alkenes & Alkynes

16. Structural Isomers
Structural isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements
They will have different physical and chemical properties
Example:
pentane
2-methylbutane
2,2-dimethylpropane

17. Cis-Trans Isomers
Cis-trans isomers occur when different groups of atoms are arranged around a double bond
Unlike a single C-C bond that can rotate, the double C=C bond is fixed
Opposite side
Same side
cis-1,2-dichloroethene
trans-1,2-dichloroethene

18. Cis-Trans Isomers
Examples:
cis-3-pentene
trans-2-hexene

19. Naming Aromatics Same rules
If benzene is the parent chain “benzene” suffix
If benzene is a branch group “phenyl”

20. Practice P. 16-22 #3-7, 8abc Naming Alkenes/Alkynes Worksheet
Isomer Challenge Worksheet
Naming Hydrocarbons Worksheet