1. Asia

2. Sui and Tang Dynasties
Third century China Han dynasty falls China not unified 400 years
Sui Dynasty ( ) unified China
Built Great Canal- connected Huang He, Yangtze Rivers
Easier to ship rice across China

3. Tang Dynasty
A.D.
Created large empire- Central Asia, Southeast Asia, Korea
Koreans, Japanese begin to adopt Chinese culture
Tang rulers reformed government (civil service system) gave land to peasants (took power from large land owners)

4. Song Dynasty 907-1279 A.D. Reunified China after Tang Dynasty
Controlled smaller area
Chinese culture, wealth dominated region
New type of rice, harvested twice a year, allowed population to grow
Population 100 million
Traded with India, Persia, Arabia
Trade along Silk Road started again

5. Chinese Society and Culture
Most people were farmers
Upper class of civil servants emerged (gentry)
Women were considered inferior to men, practice of foot binding started during this time
Main religion
Buddhism

6. Inventions of Tang and Song Dynasty
Porcelain- ceramic made of special clay found only in China
Mechanical Clock (700’s)- run by water
Printing (700’s, 1000’s) block printing, moveable type- invented in Europe 400 years later
Gunpowder (800’s) used for fireworks, later for weapons
Paper Money (1020’s) used to replace coins, helped develop commercial economy
Magnetic Compass (1100’s) allowed Chinese merchants to trade across seas

8. Mongol Empire Lived north of China Nomadic herders, warriors
Skilled horsemen, ruthless in battle
History of trade and commerce with Chinese
Took advantage of Chinese when empires were weak

9. Rise of the Mongols 1200 warrior united Mongol tribes
1206 took title of Genghis Khan
Conquered most of China and Central Asia over 21 years

10. Mongol Empire

11. Genghis the Conqueror Success as warrior
Brilliant organizer- Divided army into units
Strategist- used deception to confuse enemy
Adopted new weapons, technology- used Chinese engineers, ideas
Cruelty and Terror- terrified enemies into surrender

12. Mongol Empire Genghis died in 1227, but Mongol Empire expanded
Largest land empire in history
1240 at doorstep of Europe, called back because death of Great Khan (Ogadi)
1260 new Khan (Kublai Khan)
Empire divided into 4 khanates
Mongol rulers adopted parts of cultures they conquered (religion, government institutions)
Pax Mongolia
Mid 1200’s- 1300’s
Stability across most of Eurasia
Trade, ideas spread

13. Kublai Khan Conquers China
Kublai conquered all of China
Started new dynasty in China- Yuan ( )
Made few changes to Chinese system of government
Built new capital at Beijing, moved capital from Mongolia
Lived apart from Chinese, had separate laws
Mongols used foreigners for high government positions (no local loyalties)
Encouraged foreign trade (built roads, invited foreign merchants to China)

14. Mongols Try to Conquer Japan
Tried to extend rule to Japan
1274, 1281 sent fleets against Japan
Both attacks failed, legend of kamikaze (divine wind)

15. End of the Yuan Dynasty 1368-1644 Ming Dynasty ruled China
Hongwu was the first Ming emperor after he defeated the Mongols in 1368
Reformed agriculture by increasing rice production, encouraged growing cash crops (cotton, sugarcane) and encouraged fish farming
Improved government by returning to a merit based government system
Encouraged a return to Confucian traditions and moral standards
When problems developed Hongwu became a ruthless tyrant executing all of his enemies

16. Ming Dynasty After death of Hongwu his son Yonglo took over
He moved royal court to Beijing (built the Forbidden City)
Also had a curiosity of the outside world
1405 began seven voyages of exploration and trade under commander Zeng He
Expeditions traveled long distances, many ships, many people and huge ships
Trips were used to show Chinese superiority, because of voyages 16 countries sent tribute to China
Chinese officials complained that voyages wasted money and after 1433 China began a period of isolation

18. Qing Dynasty
By 1600 Ming rule began to weaken, government corruption, civil strife, famine and high taxes led to rebellion
1644 Manchus from northeast China seized power and ruled until 1900
People resisted rule by non-Chinese Manchus
Kept order by keeping traditional social structure and restoring Chinese prosperity
Expanded China into Taiwan, Central Asia, Mongolia and Tibet
Lowered taxes and reduced government expenses
Welcomed Catholic priests into royal court to learn about European life
Kept policy of isolation from foreign trade

19. Qing Dynasty Trade policies of 1500’s reflected isolation
To keep influence of outsiders to a minimum
Foreign countries that wished to trade with China had to trade only in special ports and pay tribute
Only the government could conduct trade through 3 ports- Canton, Macao and Ningbo
European demand for goods led to smuggling
Helped improve economy of China- led to increase in manufacturing of ceramics and silk making
Commerce and manufacturing seen as lower class jobs and not held in high regard in China, kept China from industrializing
Government supported agriculture
Taxes were low on agriculture and high on manufacturing

20. Qing China
1600s and 1700s were a time of peace and prosperity in China and the lives improved for most Chinese people
Most Chinese were farmers and under the Qing irrigation and the use of fertilizer increased
Also new crops from the were introduced by European traders (corn, sweet potatoes)
Food production increased and the population exploded
Chinese families favored sons over daughters
Sons were in charge of religious rituals, and raised their own families in their parents homes
As their parents grew older they help them farm
Females were not as valued but they did have the responsibilities of children’s education and managing family finances