1. Data and Context Context and structuring helps users understand data
Manufacturer
Name
Engine
Displacement (cc)
Transmission (Speed)
Production
Suzuki
GSXX
Hayabusa 16
Valve
1340 6
2008
Honda
CBR1100
Blackbird
1137
1996
BMW
KK SS
1157
2004
Context and structuring helps users understand data
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2. Data & Information (1)
Data: Facts, text, numbers, graphics, images, sound, and video segments that have meaning in the user’s environment
Structured: numbers, text, dates
Unstructured: images, video, documents
AR Border
11174
BC Lara
11953
GA Gooch
8900
JH Kallis
10277
R Dravid
10823
RT Ponting
11345
SM Gavaskar
10122
SR Tendulkar
12773
SR Waugh
10927
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3. Data & Information (2)
Information: data processed to increase knowledge in the person using the data
Player
Cntr
Mat
Inns NO
Runs HS
Ave
100 50
SR Tendulkar
India
159
261 27
12773
248*
54.58 42 53
BC Lara WI
131
232 6
11953
400*
52.88 34 48
RT Ponting
Aus
136
229 26
11345
257
55.88 38
AR Border
156
265 44
11174
205
50.56 63
SR Waugh
168
260 46
10927
200
51.06 32
R Dravid
134
233
10823
270
52.53 57
JH Kallis SA
221 33
10277
189*
54.66 31 51
SM Gavaskar
125
214 16
10122
236*
51.12 45
GA Gooch
Eng
118
215
8900
333
42.58 20
Metadata: Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the data, including data types, field sizes, allowable values, and data context
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4. Summarized Data
Graphical displays turn data into useful information that managers can use for decision making and interpretation
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5. Database versus DBMS Database: Repository of Information/Data
A usually large collection of data organized especially for rapid search and retrieval.
Database Management System
DBMS is a program that lets one or more computer users create and access data in a database. E.g. SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL etc.
Makes it easy for you to manipulate large amounts of data.
Frees you from thinking about details. Enables you to focus on your challenges.
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6. Data Models Data Model: collection of concepts for describing data
Schema: description of a particular collection of data, using the a given data model, like a blueprint that describes the layout of the data: what kinds of fields are present and how they are organized.
Relational model of data is the most widely used model today.
Main Concept: relation; basically a table with rows and columns.
Every relation has a schema which describes the columns.
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7. File Processing vs. DBMS (1)
Player
Country
Mat
Inns NO
Runs HS
Ave
100 50
SR Tendulkar
India
159
261 27
12773
248*
54.58 42 53
BC Lara WI
131
232 6
11953
400*
52.88 34 48
RT Ponting
Aus
136
229 26
11345
257
55.88 38
AR Border
156
265 44
11174
205
50.56 63
SR Waugh
168
260 46
10927
200
51.06 32
R Dravid
134
233
10823
270
52.53 57
JH Kallis SA
221 33
10277
189*
54.66 31 51
SM Gavaskar
125
214 16
10122
236*
51.12 45
GA Gooch
Eng
118
215
8900
333
42.58 20
What is more suited application/structure to store this data?
Text file in Notepad
Slide in a PowerPoint presentation
MS Excel document
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8. File Processing vs. DBMS (2)
Program‐Data Dependence
All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
Limited Data Sharing
No centralized control of data
Lengthy Development Times
Programmers must design their own file formats
Excessive Program Maintenance
80% of information systems budget
Duplication of Data
Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data
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9. Data Duplication
Duplicate Data
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10. Problems with Data Redundancy/Duplication
Waste of space to have duplicate data
Causes more maintenance headaches
The biggest problem:
Changes in one file could cause inconsistencies
Compromise in data integrity
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11. The Database Approach Central repository of shared data
Data is managed by a controlling agent
Stored in a standardized, convenient form
Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)
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12. Case Study – Qatar Petroleum
QP is the largest operator in the state of Qatar
QP had accumulated a tremendous amount of well log data in its 50 years of operation.
Problems in manual indexing
Lost data
Difficulty in accessing data
Inaccuracy of the stored logs caused by lack of validation
Solution
Web user interface on top of latest database integration (Schlumberger InfoStream)
Results: Interpretation cycle reduced to 30% to 35%
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13. The Range of Database Applications
Backend for traditional “database” applications
Personal databases
Workgroup databases
Departmental/divisional databases
Enterprise database
Multimedia database
Scientific database
Backend for large Websites
Backend for Web services
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14. Oracle Industry Applications
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15. Pure Database Jobs in Pakistan
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16. …and abroad
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17. Database Management System
A software system that is used to create, maintain, and provide controlled access to user databases
Order Filing System
Central database
Invoicing System
DBMS
Contains employee, order, inventory, pricing, and customer data
Payroll System
DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manages hardware resources
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18. Elements of the Database Approach
Data models
Graphical system capturing nature and relationship of data
Enterprise Schema–high‐level entities and relationships for the organization
Project Schema–more detailed view, matching data structure in database or data warehouse
Use of Internet Technology
Client‐server, 3‐tier architectures, and distributed databases
Database Applications
Application programs used to perform database activities (create, read, update, and delete) for database users
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19. Components of the Database Environment
Data and Database Administrator
System Developers
End Users
Case Tools
Application Programming
User Interface
Repository
DBMS
Database
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20. Components of the Database Environment
CASE Tools–computer‐aided software engineering
Repository–centralized storehouse of metadata
Database Management System (DBMS) –software for managing the database
Database–storehouse of the data
Application Programs–software using the data
User Interface–text and graphical displays to users
Data/Database Administrators–personnel responsible for maintaining the database
System Developers–personnel responsible for designing databases and software
End Users–people who use the applications and databases
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21. Functionality of DBMS
Administrators and developers sees SQL, which has two components:
Data Definition Language (DDL)
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Behind the scenes the DBMS has:
Query optimizer
Query engine
Storage management
Transaction Management (concurrency, recovery)
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22. New Trends in DB Systems
Object‐relational databases
Main memory database systems
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
Relational databases with XML support
Middleware between XML and relational databases
Native XML database systems
Data integration
Peer to peer, stream data management
Semantic triple stores
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23. Conclusion Summary Essential Reading What is Next?
DBMS used to maintain, query large datasets.
Benefits include recovery from system crashes, concurrent access, quick application development, data integrity and security.
Levels of abstraction give data independence.
A DBMS typically has a layered architecture.
Essential Reading
Modern Database Management (8th Ed.), Chapter 1
What is Next?
Entity‐Relationship Model
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