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Cell Unit Review
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IMPORTANT SCIENTISTS WHO CONTRIBUTED TO THE DISCOVERY OF CELLS AND CELL THEORY
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Who saw cork and named the chambers “Cells”?
Hint: His name rhymes with “cork”
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Hooke Who saw cork and named the chambers “Cells”?
Hint: His name rhymes with “cork” Hooke
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Who invented the microscope and saw the first living (alive) cells in pond water and called them “wee beasties?” (Hint: “Wee” sounds like beginning of his last name)
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Who invented the microscope and saw the first living cells in pond water and called them “wee beasties?” Leeuwenhoek “Lee” sounds like “Wee”
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What did Schleiden say? What did Schwann say?
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What did Schleiden say? What did Schwann say?
Schwann claimed that all animals are made of cells. Think: Schwann sounds like swan Schleiden claimed that all plants are made of cells. Think: Schlidin’ down the vine
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Who claimed that all cells must come from existing cells by reproduction?
Hint: Cows come from cows Cells come from cells
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Who claimed that all cells must come from existing cells
by reproduction? Virchow “Vircow” Hint: Cows come from cows Cells come from cells
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What did Brown discover?
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Know the 3 parts of the Modern Cell Theory
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3 parts of the Modern Cell Theory
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all living things All cells contain specialized structures (organelles) to perform functions necessary for life All organisms are made of one or more cells and come from other cells by reproduction
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What is the difference between Abiogenesis and Biogenesis?
VS What is the difference between Abiogenesis and Biogenesis?
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Needham was the only one to believe in Abiogenesis
VS Needham was the only one to believe in Abiogenesis
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Who did this red meat experiment and believed in biogenesis?
No Growth No Growth
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Who did this red meat experiment and believed in biogenesis?
Redi For Biogenesis No Growth No Growth
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Who did this experiment and believed in abiogenesis?
Heated (not boiled) Broth Hint: He needed more information on how to do a good experiment!!!
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Who did this experiment and believed in abiogenesis?
Needham – Abiogenesis (He needed more information on how to do a good experiment) Heated (not boiled) Broth
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Who repeated Needham’s experiment but boiled the broth longer and believed in biogenesis?
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Who repeated Needham’s experiment but boiled the broth longer and believed in biogenesis?
Spallanzani
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Who did this experiment and believed in biogenesis?
S-shaped flask
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Who did this experiment and believed in biogenesis?
Pasteur - Biogenesis S-shaped flask
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What is a Prokaryote? Prokaryote ?
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Prokaryotes (Bacteria)
No Nucleus No Membrane Bound Organelles Cilia Prokaryotes DO have these organelles Cytoplasm Flagella Cell Membrane
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What is a Eukaryote? Eukaryote ?
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Eukaryotes (Plants & Animals):
Nucleus Membrane Bound Organelles (Mitochondria, E.R., Golgi, etc.)
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Eukaryotes( Plants, Animals) & Prokaryotes
What must ALL CELLS have? Eukaryotes( Plants, Animals) & Prokaryotes Organelles
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Eukaryotes( Plants, Animals) & Prokaryotes
ALL CELLS Eukaryotes( Plants, Animals) & Prokaryotes 4 Organelles DNA Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Ribosomes
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What organelles do PLANT CELLS have that an animal cells not have?
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What organelles do PLANT CELLS have that an animal cells not have?
Cell Wall Chloroplasts Large Vacuole
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Define Cell Membrane
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A semi-permeable, phospholipid bilayer with proteins in it that regulates what goes in and out of a cell Cell Membrane
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Define Cell Wall
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The hard outer covering of the plant cell that provides support and structure for the plant cell
Cell Wall
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Define Cytoplasm
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The jelly-like liquid between the cell membrane and the nucleus that holds the organelles.
Cytoplasm
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Define Nucleus
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NUCLEUS Controls cell’s functions such as protein synthesis; holds the chromosomes and nucleolus; only in Eukaryotes.
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Define Nucleolus
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The organelle that is inside the nucleus and makes ribosomes.
Nucleolus
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Define Nuclear Membrane
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Nuclear Membrane (Nuclear Envelope) and Nuclear Pores
Covers the outside of the nucleus and has pores that allow ribosomes and RNA out Nuclear Membrane (Nuclear Envelope) and Nuclear Pores
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Define Chromosome
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The genetic material (DNA) “Blueprints” that is inside the nucleus
CHROMOSOMES
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Define Mitochondria
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The powerhouse (makes energy) for the cell and found in Eukaryotes (Plants & Animals)
Mitochondria Hint: Think Mighty Mitochondria that produces power
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Define Ribosomes Ribosomes on ER
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RIBOSOMES Makes proteins for the cell
Ribosomes on ER Hint: If you eat Ribs you are getting protein from the meat. RIBOSOMES
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Define Chloroplast
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Used for photosynthesis in the plant cell; converts light into food for plants.
Chloroplasts
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What grouping are chloroplasts, leukoplasts, and chromoplasts part of?
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What grouping are chloroplasts, leukoplasts, and chromoplasts part of?
Plastids
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Define Vacuole Plant Cell
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A large sac in a plant cell (holds water) and small sac in an animal (used for storage).
VACUOLE Plant Cell
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Define Lysosome
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Digests (breaks down) food and gets rid of unwanted waste
Digests (breaks down) food and gets rid of unwanted waste. Animal cells only
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Define Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
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E.R. is a folded membrane and
transports materials throughout the cell. Rough E.R. Process and transports Proteins Smooth E.R. Processes and transports Lipids & Carbs
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Define Golgi Bodies (apparatus)
Hint: Think of packaging and sending a gold necklace to your friend in another state. Look like stack of pancakes
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Golgi Bodies or Golgi Apparatus
Packages proteins for transport out of the cell Hint: Think of packaging and sending a gold necklace to your friend in another state. Look like stack of pancakes
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What are Cilia? What are Flagella?
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Cilia Flagella PROKARYOTES Only!!!
Microtubules that are whip-like and used for movement The microtubules covering the cell like hair used for movement Cilia Flagella PROKARYOTES Only!!!
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What makes up the cytoskeleton?
Define Cytoskeleton What makes up the cytoskeleton?
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Cytoskeleton: Supports the cell membrane
Made up of microtubules and microfilaments
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____ _______ is when cells perform a specific function for an organism.
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Cell Specialization is when cells perform a specific function for a multi-celled organism.
Muscle Cell Nerve Cell Single celled organisms cannot have cell specialization when they only consist of one cell!
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What determines the shape of a cell?
Muscle Cells Nerve Cell Blood Cells
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What determines the shape of a cell?
The cell’s FUNCTION Muscle Cells Nerve Cell Blood Cells
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What are the four levels of cell organization starting from the smallest to largest?
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What are the four levels of cell organization starting from the cell?
make up make up make up
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Name the 2 reasons cells cannot be the size of a basketball.
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Reasons cells cannot be the size of a basketball…
Geometry: Volume increases faster than surface area which makes it hard for membrane to keep up with needs of the cell Practical aspects: Nucleus can’t handle that big of a job.
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What 3 things can easily pass right through the cell membrane?
Hint: They are very small molecules
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What 3 things can easily pass right through the cell membrane?
Carbon Dioxide By Diffusion H2O By Osmosis Oxygen By Diffusion
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Explain Diffusion
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Movement of small molecules (CO₂ , O₂, I₂)
From HIGH → LOW concentration and does NOT need a cell membrane but can cross the cell membrane
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Define Osmosis (3 part definition)
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Osmosis is the movement of (1) Water from (2) High → Low concentration
(3) Across a cell membrane
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What is located in the cell membrane to selectively allow larger things into and out of the cell?
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What is located in the cell membrane to selectively allow larger things into and out of the cell?
Protein Channel
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Explain Passive Transport (Facilitated Diffusion)
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Movement of larger molecules (sugar) from HIGH → LOW concentration that needs a cell membrane, a protein, but NO ENERGY.
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Explain Active Transport
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Movement of ions (K+, Na+, Cl-) from LOW → HIGH concentration that needs a cell membrane, a protein and energy ACTIVE TRANSPORT
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Define Endocytosis and Exocytosis
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Endocytosis is when a large food particle is moved into the cell using a cell membrane and energy.
ENDO = ENTER EXO = Exit Exocytosis is when a large particle is moved out of the cell using a cell membrane and energy.
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What is Bulk Transport? Hint: It’s not this!
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Endocytosis and Exocytosis (moving big particles in or out of the cell) is also called…
Bulk Transport
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When the solute concentration inside and outside of the cell is equal.
This is called____?______. Where does water go? What does the cell do? 10% 10% solute outside
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Isotonic solution (equal in & out) Water goes both in and out
Cell stays the same. 10% H2O 10%
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When the solute concentration outside the cell is higher than inside
it is called______. Where does water go? What does the cell do? 10% 20% solute outside
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When the solute concentration outside the cell is higher than inside the cell it is called Hypertonic Solution. Water goes out of cell Cell shrinks 10% H2O 20% solute
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When the solute concentration inside the cell is higher than outside the cell it is called a ____________. Where does water go? What does the cell do? 20% 10% solute outside
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Water goes into the cell
When the solute concentration inside the cell is higher than outside the cell it is called a Hypotonic solution. Water goes into the cell Cell swells 20% H2O 10% solute
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What happens to the cell in this situation?
Where does water move in this situation? Distilled H20 7 %
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VERY Hypotonic Solution
What happens to the cell in this situation? Water moves into cell and cell will pop. Distilled H20 0% Solute Water goes in 7% Solute VERY Hypotonic Solution
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Be able to identify which organelles belong to Plant, Animal, or Prokaryotic Cells !
Prokaryote Cell Wall Yes No Different type Cell Membrane Nucleus Chromosome (DNA) Cytoplasm Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosome Mitochondria Lysosome Chloroplast Vacuole Yes (Large) Yes- (Small) Golgi apparatus Cilia
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Understand the diffusion lab that we conducted in class
Understand the diffusion lab that we conducted in class. What did the bag represent? What moved into the bag and how do you know? What was the control in this experiment? Why did you need a control? Before: Starch inside= White Liquid Outside = Dark Brown After: Starch inside= Black/Blue Liquid Outside = Light Brown/Yellow
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Be able to identify all the organelles in plant and animal cells from various pictures in our notes and test review!!!! Plant Cell Animal Cell
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Nuclear membrane w/pores
ANIMAL CELL Nuclear membrane w/pores Rough ER Nucleolus Ribosome Nucleus Golgi Bodies Lysosome Smooth ER Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Mitochondria
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PLANT CELL Nucleolus Rough ER Nucleus Cytoskeleton Ribosome Mitochondria Golgi Bodies Chloroplast Cell Wall Large Vacuole Cell Membrane
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