1. Industrialization, Nationalism, and Imperialism
Mr. Condry’s Social Studies Class

2. Before the Agricultural Revolution
Open-field system was the greatest accomplishment of the Medieval agriculture
Village agriculture: 1/3 to 1/2 of fields lay fallow.
Common lands were used by village for livestock and fields were shared by peasants.
Serfs in eastern Europe were worst off. Many serfs were sold with land (Like slaves)

3. Disadvantages of the old system
People have to walk over your strips to reach theirs
Field left fallow
Difficult to take advantage of new farming techniques
No hedges or fences
No proper drainage
Because land in different fields takes time to get to each field
Animals can trample crops and spread disease

4. Agricultural Revolution
The innovations in farm production that began in the 18th century and led to a scientific and mechanized agriculture.
Application of scientific ideas such as crop rotation most important feature.

5. Enclosure Movement End of the common lands and open-field system
The open fields were divided up and everyone who could prove they owned land would get a share.
The open land into small fields and putting hedges and fences around them.
Open land and common land would also be enclosed and divided up.

6. Impact of Enclosure
Traditional view of enclosure (Marxism) is where poor people were driven off the land.
As much as 50% of lands enclosed already by 1750
By 1700 the ration of landless farmers to landowners was 2 to 1

7. The Effects of Enclosure
Increased the efficiency of farming in England.
Many poorer people relied on the common land to supplement their incomes.
After enclosure, there was nowhere for the poor to allow animals to graze, collect firewood, or pick berries.

8. One farm laborer said:
‘All I know is that I had a cow and an Act of Parliament has taken it from me.’
There were riots in some villages.

9. The Effects of Enclosure
Enclosure allowed farmers to control the breading of their livestock because the animals could be separated into different fields.
Farmers could select the best individuals to breed from in order to produce the biggest healthiest offspring.
The crops helped farmers produce more meat.
Cattle more than doubled in weight and sheep more than tripled between and 1795

10. Specialization
Most farmers were substance farmers. They only grew what they needed to survive.
After enclosure farmers began to specialize in crops and animals best suited to their local climate, soil, and terrain.

11. New Farming Machinery
Before 1750, farming was done by hand, with horses pulling ploughs and carts.
With the growth of the iron industry, new heavy duty tools could be mass produced.
New machines were invented for activities such as threshing corn.

12. New Farming Machinery
Many machines were still horse-powered, but by the 1850s there were steam powered traction engines.
These powered ploughs, chaff-cutters, and other machines.
New machines transformed work in the countryside One or two men could operate a steam tractor which could do the work of ten men.

13. Labor
Agriculture revolution increased food supply while decreasing demand for labor
Workers moved into cities to look for jobs.

14. Industrial Revolution
Started in Britain
Geography led to ease in communication and transportation
Abundant resources such as coal, iron, running water, and agriculture
Global colonial empire for trade
Strong middle class created political stability
Scientific advances gave inventors technical skills to build new machines.

15. Industrial Revolution
New inventions in textile manufacturing triggered the industrial revolution
The “Spinning Jenny” allowed many threads to be spun at one time. This increased production of cotton and cloth.

16. Factory System
James Watt’s improved the steam engine which drove textile machines.
Goods were made in factories instead of homes.
People were now making goods using machine instead of by hand.

17. Railroads
Spurred industrial growth as a cheap way to transport materials and finished products.
Created thousands of new jobs for railroad workers and miners
Boosted agricultural and fishing industries as they can transport to distant cities.
Encouraged country people to take distant city jobs.

19. Effects of Industrial Revolution
Urbanization: movement of people to cities
Number of cities doubled
Many cities doubled or even quadrupled in population

20. Effects of Industrial Revolution
Large Middle Class – neither rich or poor
Upper Middle – government employees, doctors, lawyers, and managers
Lower Middle – factory overseers, skilled workers

21. Working Class Average lifespan Worked 14 hours a day, 6 days a week
17 for the city
38 for the rural (country)
Worked 14 hours a day, 6 days a week
Poor living conditions
Crowded housing
No drains
Widespread epidemics

22. Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Demand for education created a demand for engineers, clerical, and professional workers.
Raised standard of living
Provided hope of improvement in people’s lives.
Assembly lines and interchangeable parts made production much faster.

23. Changes in European Society
Mass-produced goods became more available and cheaper.

24. Changes in European Society
Role of the Entrepreneur
Owns factories and manages business to make a profit.
Role of the worker
Provide labor for wages
Role of the Government
Laissez-faire: government didn’t interfere in relations between workers and business owners. (Capitalism)

25. Reform Movement
As workers conditions worsened Queen Victoria calls for social reform.
Reform Bill of 1832
Middle class wanted greater representation in Parliament and more voting rights.
Working class wanted
10 hour workday
Ban on child labor