1. What is organic chemistry? What are carbohydrates?
Chemistry of Life
What is organic chemistry?
What are carbohydrates?
What are lipids?
What are proteins?
What are nucleic acids?
Learning Targets: I can
Name the four major organic molecules.
Explain the following for each of the organic molecules:
the chemical elements that make up the molecule
the building blocks/structure
their functions
give some examples

2. Go to my Living Environment webpage and watch the Biomolecules video- Amoeba sisters  (and for your review you can complete  video recap WS)

3. Carbon is the central atom of life.
Because carbon contains 4 electrons in its outer shell, it can pair in many ways with many different atoms in an “attempt” to fill its outer shell.

4. Organic Chemistry ORGANIC means comes from and found in LIVING things
Organic compounds must contain both Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H)
Inorganic – Doesn’t contain both C and H
Inorganic substances that living things rely on:
Water (H2O), Salt (NaCl), Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Practice: Organic or Inorganic???
H2O = ___________ (water)
NaCl = ___________ (salt)
C6H12O6 = ___________ (sugar/glucose)
CH4 = ______________ (methane)
CO2 = _____________ (carbon dioxide)
O2 = ______________ (oxygen)

5. Macromolecules Means “Giant molecules”
Small things (MONOMERS) join together to make large things (POLYMERS)…this is called Polymerization

6. Making and Breaking polymers
1. Dehydration synthesis: (condensation)
combining simple molecules to form a more complex one with the removal of water
Example:
monomer + monomer  polymer + water
2. Hydrolysis (digestion):
adding a water molecule to a (polymer) to split it into small monomers
polymer + water  monomer + monomer

7. Monomers, Polymers and Macromolecules
Many biological molecules are macromolecules – very large.
Biological macromolecules are formed by linking together a set of building blocks (monomers) into long chains (a polymer).

8. Four Types of Organic Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

9. Carbs: The Video Clip

10. Linking Simple Sugars – the First Step to a Polymer
monosaccharides
a disaccharide
A complex carbohydrate is a long-chain polymer made of simple sugars.
Larger molecules form by a process called dehydration synthesis.

11. 1. Carbohydrates (SUGARS)- aka “saccharides”
a. Elements Present:
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
1:2:1 ratio ex. C6H12O6
b. Job (Function) in Living Things:
Main source of FOOD ENERGY
c. Building Blocks:
Called Simple sugars
End in –ose ex. glucose
Linked together to make complex (BIG) sugars
Glucose is a simple sugar
Many glucose molecules linked together makes STARCH
STARCH is a complex (BIG) sugar

12. Carbohydrates are Central Players in Energy Production and Storage

13. Molecular Structure of Carbs
1 Ring = MONOsaccharide
BUILDING BLOCKS of complex sugars
Ex. Glucose and fructose
2 Rings = Disaccharide
Ex. lactose, maltose, and sucrose (table sugar)
C6H12O6

14. 3 or more Rings = POLYsaccharide
Examples:
Chitin: makes up the exoskeleton ie. lobster
Glycogen: animal starch stored in the liver and muscles
Cellulose: indigestible in humans (FIBER): forms cell wall in plants
Starches: used as energy storage
Polysaccharide
Glucose

15. Some Familiar and Important Complex Carbohydrates
Note the way complex macromolecules are built by linking simple repeating units.

16. Lipids: The Video Clip

17. 2. Lipids (Fats) a. Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Mostly H and O (H and O not in a 2:1 ratio)
b. Functions (Jobs) in Living Things:
Stores energy and insulates
Parts of cell membrane structure
Chemical messengers (hormones)

18. c. Building Blocks & Identification:
3 Fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule
Oily and greasy
VERY LONG carbon chain
Ex. Butter, oils, waxes, steroids (cholesterol)
3 Fatty Acids
Glycerol

19. Protein: The Video Clip

20. 3. Proteins a. Elements present:
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
b. Jobs (Functions) in Living Things:
Control rates of reactions (ENZYMES)
Help form bones, muscles and other tissues
Transports molecules (Hemoglobin in blood)
Fights disease (makes antibodies)

21. Some of the Many Different Functions of Proteins

22. c. Building blocks: Called Amino Acids (AA)
20 different AA’s that can be linked to form a protein!
Amino Acids are linked in any order and in any number to make endless numbers of proteins!

23. Making a Protein (Dehydration Synthesis)
Proteins are also called POLYPEPTIDES.
The shape (arrangement of amino acids) of the protein determines it’s function (job)
Making a Protein (Dehydration Synthesis)
Chain of Amino Acids
forming a protein

24. Amino Acids, Peptide Bonds, Polypeptide = Protein
Proteins are linear chains of 20 different building blocks called amino acids.
Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds – a form of covalent bond.

25. Proteins are folded structures whose shape (and therefore function) depends on amino acid sequence.

26. Nucleic Acids: The Video Clip

27. 4. Nucleic Acids Elements present:
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
b) Two types of Nucleic Acids:
DNA (Deoxy-ribo-Nucleic-Acid)
RNA (Ribo-Nucleic-Acid)
c) Job (Function) in Living Things:
DNA: Stores and transmits GENETIC information
found in the chromosomes of the nucleus
RNA: directs protein synthesis
found in nucleus, ribosomes & cytoplasm

28. e) Building Blocks Called Nucleotides or Subunits
Nucleotides have 3 parts
Phosphate
Sugar
Nitrogen Base (1 of 5)
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Uracil (U)

29. Each nucleotide is connected across to another nucleotide
Each nucleotide is also connected to another above and below
This forms the ladder–shaped DNA or RNA molecule

30. Nucleotides Are the Monomers That Create Polymers of DNA and RNA