1. Independence Movements

2. India India had been controlled by the British since Imperialism
Britain’s “Jewel in the Crown”
India began to fight for independence in the early 1900s
The formation of the Indian National Congress was the first step
The main independence leader was Mohandas Gandhi

3. Mohandas Gandhi Used nonviolent techniques
Civil disobedience, passive resistance, hunger strikes, marches, and speeches
Despite Gandhi's leadership, India struggled for independence

4. Why did India Struggle?
Religious struggles between Muslims, and Hindus
Muslims-northern India
Hindus-middle India
Political differences:
Muslim League vs. Hindu Congress Party
Gandhi was shot on January 30, 1948 by a Hindu extremist

5. Hindus
Muslims

6. India Gets Independence
Britain was involved in WWII and decided it was time to let go of India
On July 16, 1947 the British House of Commons agreed to partition (divide up) India between the Muslims and the Hindus
10 million people had to decide what nation to join

7. The Partition India-given to the Hindus
East and West Pakistan-given to the Muslims
Eventually East and West Pakistan are divided
West Pakistan: becomes Pakistan
East Pakistan: becomes Bangladesh

8. Democracy in India Led by Jawaharlal Nehru, a close friend of Gandhi
1950: passed a Constitution that tried to stop discrimination based on your caste
Ethnic and religious differences held India back from its industrial development

9. The Republic of India Today
Still fighting going on between Muslims and Hindus
World’s largest democratic nation
Population 1.2 billion people
Federal system gives most powers to the states
Caste system still exists
New economic development has helped to ease financial problems in the country

10. Revolutions in Africa
Most of Africa has been controlled by Europeans since the 1800s
After WWII the UN said ALL nations had the right to self-determination (to choose their own fate)
After WWII, revolutions began all over Africa, some violent and some peaceful
Pride in African culture and heritage
Resentment towards imperial rule and economic exploration
European nations were focusing on the Cold War

11. Independence Movements
West Africa
Mostly peaceful
Ghana (Gold Coast) got independence from Britain in 1957 through:
Strikes, boycotts
Algeria
Fought a bloody war with France for independence
Main leaders: Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN)
Finally got independence in 1962
Ghana
Algeria
-guerilla fighting
-Evian Accords—cease fire agreement
-one party state

12. Kenya Violent struggle with Britain
10,000 blacks killed, 100 whites killed
Leader-Jomo Kenyatta
Becomes President
Gets independence in 1963
Jomo Kenyatta
Arrested as part of mau mau movement
Kenya African National Movement
British hoped to give power to “moderate” africans, got jomo instead
LOWER BACKGROUND—father died early,

13. South Africa Controlled by British and Dutch
A system of apartheid was put in place
Means racial segregation (complete separation of races)
Separate schools, neighborhoods
South Africans begin to fight for independence in the early 1900s
1912-African National Congress (ANC) was formed in the fight for independence
During a strike that turns violent, one of the leaders named Nelson Mandela was arrested in 1969
Apartheid
Groups: black, white, colored, and indian
Homes, education, bathrooms, beaches segregated, blacks deprived of citizenship,
Leader of armed wing of African National Congress
Influenced by Gandhi
Because of activities, banned from entering USA
Arrested in 1962 after being on the run for 17 mos—CIA tip-off
Arested on leading workers to strike and leaving country illegally
Sentenced to life in prison
Spent 27 years there
Released in 1990

15. Apartheid

16. Fighting and protests continued until the 1990s
1990: Nelson Mandela was released from prison
1994: first election where ALL races can vote
Nelson Mandela is elected the first black President of the new Republic of South Africa

19. Independence Movements in the Middle East
After World War I, the League of Nations established mandates
Former Ottoman colonies given to Britain and France on a temporary basis
Granted independence after WWII
Former French Mandates
Syria and Lebanon

20. Former British Mandates
Jordan
Palestine
UN decided to make part of Palestine a home for the Jews
Renamed Israel
The fight over Israel continues today
Palestine (Muslims) vs. Israelis (Jews)
Prime Minister of Israel from : Golda Meir
Yom Kippur War
Israel vs. Egypt, Syria, and other Arab states
Sought help from the USA
Won in 1973 with USA’s help

22. Former British Protectorates:
Egypt
President of Egypt in the 1950s and 60s: Gamal Abdul Nasser
Took the Suez Canal back from the British (he nationalized it)
Established a strong relationship between Egypt and the Soviet Union
Built the Aswan High Dam
Has helped Egyptian economy by regulating the floods of the Nile and by making electricity

24. On your map…

26. Egypt and Great Britain
After WWII, Great Britain faced demands for independence for true independence. Between 1945 and 1952 negotiations to grant independence failed.
King Farouk of Egypt headed a corrupt government and in a group of army leaders toppled the king and declared Egypt a republic. Soon, they declared their independence from Great Britain.

27. Gamal Abdel Nasser became the new leader of Egypt and one of his first acts was to nationalize the Suez Canal .
Great Britain, France, and Israel felt threatened by this move because they wanted their ships to have free passage through the canal. They devised a plan that Israel should launch an attack across the canal and into Egypt. The British and French, meanwhile, would pretend to intervene and, then, destroy Egyptian armed forces in the process.
The plan almost went into effect but Egypt refused intervention. Both sides sank each other ships until the US threatened to stop giving aid to Britain if the fighting did not stop. They were worried that the Soviet Union would intervene and did not want to start a larger conflict.
The Suez crisis, however, was seen as a final defeat for European imperialism because Nasser became the most popular leader in the region and an inspiration to other Middle Eastern nations who wished to be politically free.
Later, Iran and Turkey declared their independence from Great Britain and their influence was, largely, gone by this point.