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p The War at Home
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Objectives Explain how business and government cooperated during the war Show how the government promoted the war Describe the attack on civil liberties Summarize the social changes that affected African Americans and women
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Congress Gives Power to Wilson
“conflict of smokestacks” Production of war goods too important Business and government must collaborate War Industries Board Designed to increase efficiency and discourage waste in war-related industries War Industries Board use mass-production techniques Eliminate waste Encouraged companies to Set quotas and allocated raw materials President Wilson could Control economy Fix prices Nationalize war-related industries
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Congress Gives Power to Wilson
War Industries Board (cont.) War Economy WIB applied price fixing only at the whole sale level Retail prices sky rocked 2x pre war Under the board, production was up 20% Blue-collar workers 20% hourly wage increase Food and housing costs under cut the pay increases DuPont Company 1,600% increase in stock price Increasing disparity between management and worker resulted in boom in union membership 6,000 strikes broke out during the wae
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Congress Gives Power to Wilson
War Economy (cont.) Food Administration Those who refused to obey the board ricked losing their exemptions “work or fight” National War Labor Board – 1918 8 hour day Safety inspection Enforced child-labor ban NWLB also improved conditions Herbert Hoover Help produce and conserve food “gospel of the clean plate” Conservation Days 1 day a week “meatless” “sweetless” 2 days a week “wheatless” “porkless”
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Congress Gives Power to Wilson
Food Administration (cont.) “Victory Gardens” Shipment of food to allies tripled High government prices on wheat and other staples Farmers planted 40m more acres Income increased by 30%
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Selling the War $35,500,000,000 War Financing
Committee on Public Information $35,500,000,000 Backlash Inflamed hate towards ethic groups & opponents of the war “How the War Came to America” “Four-Minute Men” Draft Rationing Bond drives Victory gardens Propaganda Biased communication designed to influence people’s thoughts and actions 1/3 through taxes 16th Amendment Income tax War-profits tax Higher Excise taxes Tobacco Liquor Bonds “Liberty Loan” “Victory Loan”
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Attacks on Civil Liberties
Anti-Immigrant Hysteria 2,000,000 Americans had been born Germany Many with German names lost their job Orchestras would not play Mozart Bach Beethoven Towns changed names Stopped teaching German in school Removed German books German-born Robert Prager Wrapped in a German flag and lynched Mob leader cleared by jury Liberty Measles German Measles Liberty Cabbage Sauerkraut Liberty Sandwich Hamburger Liberty pups Dachshunds
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Attacks on Civil Liberties
Espionage and Sedition Acts Espionage and Sedition Acts Person could be fined up to $10,000 and jailed for 20 years for interfering with the war effort, or saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war effort 2,000+ prosecuted under loosely defined antiwar activities ½ resulted in convictions Anti-war newspapers and magazines not allowed to ship Victor Berger Socialist congressman from WI House refused to seat him
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The War Encourages Social Change
African Americans and the War The Great Migration Urged African Americans to support the war Would strengthen calls for racial justice W.E.B. Du Bois Boston Guardian victims of racism should not support a racist government William Monroe Trotter The Great Migration Large scale movement of hundreds of thousands of Southern blacks to cities in the north Began in the late 19th century The slow movement become massive during the war
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The War Encourages Social Change
Women in the War Was not equal pay for equal work, BUT Movement towards the 19th Amendment Railroad Cooks Dockworkers Move into jobs left vacant by men Bricklayers Miners Shipbuilding
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The War Encourages Social Change
The Flu Epidemic International Flu Epidemic ¼ of the US population affected Mines shut down telephone services cut in ½ Working hours staggered Coffins ran short People laid unburied for weeks 500,000 Americans killed 1/3 of troops in the AEF died German loses were worse Believed worldwide 30,000,000 people were killed by the disease
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Why was the War Industries Board (WIB) established
Why was the War Industries Board (WIB) established? How did the war affect the U.S. economy? How did the U.S. civilians respond to the war?
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How did the government finance the war
How did the government finance the war? How did the government build support for the war?
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What groups were the main targets of anti-immigration hysteria during the war? How did the Espionage and Sedition Acts affect civilian liberties in the United States?
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What was the Great Migration
What was the Great Migration? What new opportunities did the war offer to women? What were the effects of the worldwide flu epidemic that erupted during the war?
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