1. History of India

3. The Jewel in the Crown The British Raj
India as a source of raw materials and wealth for the British Empire.
British East India Company
India had become a British Colony and fell under direct rule of the British Crown.
The British Government in India was called the RAJ. It’s head the Viceroy.
Key to understanding the British in India is the idea of imperialism. England felt that the India Subcontinent was their property via conquest.
All attempts at self-determination by the indigenous people of India were met with British force. ‘Direct Rule’

4. India Before Independence Self-Determination–
British colony, with a Hindu majority & Muslim minority
Montagu –Chelmsford Reforms, 1919
‘Dyarchy’ – Eleven provinces with two levels of gov’t
Indians control health, education and agriculture
British control finance, law and order
Amritsar Massacre, 1919
British ‘law and order’ in action
Some 379 killed by British army; 1200 injured
Protests against British Raj
“No romance can compare with the story of the handful of Englishmen…who, beginning with as mere traders & merchant settlers, have in barely two centuries built up the majestic structure of an imperial system under which peace, order and good government has been secured for 350,000,000 people”
Congress Party –
Hindu party
Committed to pacifism and to sharing an independent India
Muslim League –
Muslim party
Called for a separate state of Pakistan
Government of India Act of 1935 –
Gave full control of the eleven provinces to the Indians, while the British would share powers in the central government

5. Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi
In the early 1920’s Gandhi, a lawyer, began the ‘non-cooperation movement’
Satyagraha (Sanskrit: सत्याग्रह satyāgraha), loosely translated as "Soul Force,“ "truth force," or "holding on to truth," is a philosophy and practice of nonviolent resistance developed and conceived by Gandhi. Gandhi deployed satyagraha in the Indian independence movement. Satyagraha theory influenced Nelson Mandela’s struggle in South Africa under apartheid, Martin Luther King, Jr's campaigns during the civil rights movement in the USA, and many other social justice and similar movements.
Salt March (1930)
The first act of independence was to break the British monopoly on salt. Gandhi and his followers march to the ocean and make salt.
A symbolic act, the event itself had little economic value, but it created a grassroots movement within the Indian people - United we can defy the Raj.
Mohandas Gandhi (Hindu)

6.
Jawaharlal Nehru
1919 – Jawaharlal Nehru joins the Indian National Congress which was fighting for greater autonomy from the British.
He was heavily influenced by the organizations leader – Gandhi
During the 1920s and 1930s, Nehru is repeatedly imprisoned by the British for civil disobedience.
1928 – Elected leader of the Indian National Congress
By the end of World War II, Nehru was recognized as Gandhi's successor. He played a central role in the negotiations over Indian independence. He opposed the Muslim League's insistence on the division of India on the basis of religion.
Nehru and Gandhi
Key to independence would be in uniting Muslim and Hindu peoples behind the cause – a difficult task

7. National Congress Party vs. Muslim League
MUSLIM – HINDU SPLIT
National Congress Party vs. Muslim League
British realism:
1. Nationalist movement made independence inevitable.
2. Despite Ghandi’s “one nation idealism” two nations would emerge. The question is will the process be peaceful or not.
3. The colony was no longer profitable, thus the British were losing interest.
However:
the British felt that they could not pull out without an attempt at instilling order to the sub-continent (white man’s burden).
The challenge is that the British built only limited infrastructure and the new country will be underdeveloped.
Mohammad Ali Jinnah

8. Elections 1937
Remember - Government of India Act of 1935
India gains control of its provinces however, the Raj still controls the colony.
Muslim League, led by Jinnah, works with Nehru and the Congress Party: “…so long as the Hindus and Muslims are not united we shall remain slaves of the foreigner”
After the first provincial elections it’s clear that the Hindu’s Congress Party is the leading political party. (6 states to the Muslims 2)
Gandhi sees these elections of an affirmation of his “One India” dream.
HOWEVER: Muslims fear a Hindu dominated India once the British pull out and begin to push for two nations.
“Muslims can expect neither justice nor fair play under a Congress Party gov’t” Jinnah

9. Two Nations are created:
Independence
Post WWII -
Mountbatten Plan, 1947 –
Two Nations are created:
India (Hindu) led by Nehru and the Congress Party
Pakistan (Muslim) led by Jinnah and Muslim League
NOTE: the heavily Muslim dominated north east of the continent is made part of Pakistan although it is separated by 1000 miles = E. Pakistan
Massacre-Migration
As populations move a “frenzy of slaughter” ensues
500,000 die and 12 million move over frontier
Hindus to India – Muslims to Pakistan
In Delhi and Calcutta where many Hindu’s threaten to slaughter local Muslim population. Gandhi goes on a hunger campaign to stop violence.
E. Pakistan would later claim independence from Pakistan (1971)and become Bangladesh
Lord Mountbatten

10. Diplomatic talks ongoing Arunachal Pradesh Disputed by China
Border Problems
Punjab
Partitioned
Kashmir
Border wars
India-Pakistan
1947, ‘65, ‘71, ‘99
India-China
1962
Diplomatic talks ongoing
Arunachal Pradesh
Disputed by China
1964 – China A-Bomb
1974 – “Smiling Buddha”
Merci, Canada!
1998 – Pakistan A-Bomb

11. 1st Prime Minister of India (1947-64) Advocated Industrialization
Nehru
1st Prime Minister of India ( )
Advocated Industrialization
Promoted “Green Revolution”
¾ of India reside in rural villages
make India self-sufficient in food/agriculture production
modern science and technology
higher yielding varieties of seed (1965)
fertilizers and better irrigation
Mixed Economy
private and public ownership of industry and resources
foreign aid and investment were critical
Canada (Trudeau)
Nuclear power
Nonaligned Movement (1956)
Yugoslavia
Egypt

13. India Today
Overpopulation
1 Billion people and counting…..
Economic Development
Hindu-Muslim-Sikh Tension
Gender Issues
Dowry killings
Caste System Bias
Discrimination against ‘outcastes’
Border disputes
Separatism
Tamil Tigers
Sri Lanka
Political Assassinations
Indira Gandhi , 1984
Rajiv Gandhi, 1991

14. Pakistan
Led briefly by Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Prime Minister Ayub Khan
Dangerous combination
Was not prepared to rule in 1948
Strong Islamic fundamentalism
Impoverished
India-Pakistan War (1971)
Pakistan divides in 1972
W. Pakistan = Pakistan
E. Pakistan = Bangladesh
Benazir Bhutto
1st Woman Prime Minister, ;
Ousted in 1990 on corruption charges
Runs for office again in 2007 – assassinated
Nawiz Sharif
Ousted three times
Struggle between modernizers and fundamentalists
History of military coup d’etat….political instability
Honour killings
War on Terror – US ally? Bin Laden?