1. Seed Plants

2. Seed Plants Seed Plants are divided into 2 groups: Gymnosperms
Bear seeds in cones
Conifers, cycads, ancient ginkgoes, and gnetophytes
Angiosperms
Also called flowering plants
Bear their seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed (fruit)
Grasses, flowering trees and shrubs, and all wildflowers

3. Reproduction of Seed Plants
Adaptations allowed seeds to reproduce without water
Flowers or cones
Transfer of sperm by pollination
Protection of embryos in seeds

4. Cones and Flowers
Gametophytes of seed plants grow and mature within sporophyte structures
Cones: seed-bearing structures of gymnosperms
Flowers: seed bearing structures of angiosperms

5. Pollen Entire male gametophyte contained in a pollen grain
Carried to female reproductive structure by wind, insects, or small animals
Transfer of pollen from the male reproductive to female reproductive is called pollination.

6. Seeds
Seed is an embryo that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply
Embryo=organism in early stage of development
Seed Coat
Surround and protects the embryo
Prevents drying out

7. Structure of Seeds

8. Evolution of Seed Plants
Years ago, land wetter
Over years, land dried out causing mosses and ferns to have to adapt
Seed plants eventually evolved from ferns

9. Gnetophytes
70 species
Reproductive scales in cones

10. Cycads
Palm-like plants that reproduce with large cones

11. Ginkgoes
One species=Ginkgo biloba

12. Conifers Most common gymnosperm
Includes pine, spruces, firs, cedars, and redwoods
Most retain leaves throughout the year
Why?

13. Angiosperms Flowering Plants
Develop unique reproductive organs known as flowers
Flowers contain ovaries, which surround and protect the seeds
Angiosperm means: “Enclosed Seed”

14. Angiosperm Reproduction
Most reproduction occurs with animal/insect pollination
Once pollinated, the ovary develops into a FRUIT
Wall of tissue surrounding the seed

15. Angiosperm Parts

16. Diversity of Angiosperms
Incredibly diverse group
Many ways of categorizing them:
Monocot or Dicot
Woody or Herbaceous
Annuals, Biennials, or Perenials
Categories may overlap

17. Monocot Monocots have: Single Cotyledon Parallel veins
Cotyledon: first leaf or the first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant
Parallel veins
Floral Parts often in multiples of 3
Vascular Bundles scattered throughout stem

18. Monocots

19. Dicot Dicots have: Two Cotyledons Net Venation (branched veins)
Floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5
Vascular Bundles arranged in a ring

20. Dicots

21. Other Categories
Annuals-Plants that complete a life cycle within one growing season
Ex) Marigolds, petunias, wheat
Biennials-Complete their life cycles in two years
Ex) Parsley, celery
Perennials-Flowering plants that live more than two years
Ex) Palm trees, maple trees, asparagus, grasses