1. Georgia’s Four Prehistoric Periods

2. Background
During the Ice Age, the seas were as much as 300 feet below what they are now. This exposed large areas of land that today are under water.
Around 12,000 B.C., small groups of hunters walked across a “land bridge” from modern-day Siberia to what is now Alaska.

3. UPDATE!!!

4. New Evidence!
Archaeologists along the eastern coast of the United states and in South America have been excavating “pre-Clovis” sites for years, but no one seems to listen. Their suggested dates are very controversial.
Remember “PRE-CLOVIS” in a few minutes!

5. Scientists feel that the original group of nomads contained fewer than 25 people. Some scientists think it was less than that. (Think about it – fewer than 25 people are responsible for all of the Native Americans in both North and South America!)

6. Georgia’s prehistoric inhabitants
By approximately 10,000 B.C., groups of nomadic humans had migrated to what is now the Southeastern United States.
From 10,000 B.C. until around 1600 A.D. these people and their descendants developed 4 unique cultural periods, or traditions.
Paleo-Indian Period (10,000 to 8,000 B.C.)
Archaic Period (8,000 to 1,000 B.C.)
Woodland Period (1,000 B.C. to 1,000 A.D.)
Mississippian Period (1,000 A.D. to 1600 A.D.)

7. The Paleo-Indian Period
Lived in small or groups of two or three families
They moved from place to place in search of and following food.
They lived in temporary shelters made of skins of animals, pits, and caves, but not in permanent shelters

8. The men hunted small game and large, Ice-Age animals such as the Giant Bison, Giant Sloth, Mastadon, and other extinct mammals.
The women usually gathered plant foods such as nuts, wild plums, grapes, blackberries
and other types of berries which were abundant in the summer and early fall.

9. In the early part of the Paleo-Indian period, they hunted their prey with spears and other simple tools. Some developed and attached Clovis points to the spears. Clovis points are large points, some being as large as your hand.

11. Clovis points were attached to heavy spears that were jabbed into the animal or thrown only a few feet. Either method required the hunter to get close to his prey, which was extremely dangerous. Archaeological evidence shows that many male Paleo-Indians suffered broken bones and other lifelong injuries.

12. The Atlatl
One weapon used by the Paleoindians was the atlatl, or spear thrower. The atlatl allowed the hunter to throw a light spear (called a dart) very far with a great amount of force.

13. Primitive atlatls helped the Paleo-indians kill smaller game that was difficult to get close to.

14. There is evidence that the Paleo-Indians had religious beliefs
There is evidence that the Paleo-Indians had religious beliefs. Graves have been found in which the dead were sprinkled with a red powdered mineral (ochre) and flowers placed on their bodies. Some people suggest that they believed in some form of afterlife.

15. Sad evidence
This is a photograph of the grave of two Paleoindian-era twin babies found in Europe. Notice the red ochre powder that had been sprinkled on their bodies. This grave was found underneath a Wooly Mammoth shoulder blade that covered their graves

16. Archaic Period
As the Ice Age ended and the weather became warmer, life began changing for the prehistoric Indians of our area.
Scientists have divided the Archaic Period into three distinct time spans:
Early Archaic (8,000 B.C. to 5,000B.C)
Middle Archaic (5,000 B.C. to 4,000 B.C.)
Late Archaic (4,000 B.C. to 1,000 B.C.)

17. In general, Indians of the Archaic Period worked and lived in larger groups and stayed in place longer than the Paleo-Indians did.
In the Early Archaic period, groups of Indians continued to follow their food sources.

18. Archaic peoples turned from big-game hunting to the forest mammals like the white-tailed deer as well as to nuts and plant foods. They hunted turkeys and passenger pigeons, collected box turtles each spring, and freshwater fish and mussels were added to the diet.
By the Middle Archaic period, the area grew warm and dry. As a result, rivers and the water along the coasts receded, making it easier to gather oysters, mussels and other shellfish for food.

19. Some evidence of this is the presence of middens
Some evidence of this is the presence of middens. Middens are piles of shells that accumulated over time as families of Indians tossed their throw-away oyster and clam shells in the same pile.

20. A common tool of the Late Archaic period was the grooved axe
A common tool of the Late Archaic period was the grooved axe. The grooved axe shows archaeologists that Late Archaic Indians cut down trees and probably cleared land around their camp sites.

21. Archaic Indians’ shelters were made of animal skins and wood, or woven sticks, but they were not permanent homes. At the most, they served as part of a temporary base camp.

22. Pottery
In the Early Archaic period, Indians began carving bowls from solid rock.

23. By the Late Archaic, some groups had discovered that containers could be made from clay.
What would be a benefit of having clay pots?
What would be a drawback?

24. The Atlatl develops further
The atlatl is one weapon that was used for almost 30,000 years. (We have been using guns for less than 600 years!)
During the Archaic period atlatl technology improved and it became the primary weapon of the Archaic Indians.

25. How it works
The dart of an atlatl is usually a long piece of river cane or soft wood. When it is thrown, the dart “bends” and springs off the atlatl with tremendous force.

26. Modern experiments show that an atlatl can help throw a dart over 800 feet, or at short ranges with a force strong enough to go through a 50-gallon drum!

27. Why do you think the Archaic Indians started using a weapon that could be thrown a long distance?
Hint: What kind of animals did they hunt?

28. Archaeological evidence shows that the Archaic Indians buried their dead with weapons, tools, and objects from everyday life. Does this suggest that they believed in an afterlife?